The European Court lifted the Italian ban on pre-implantation diagnostics (PGD). As such the Court accepted PGD as a generally accepted means for medically assisted procreation, which may have consequences for other member states prohibiting PGD.

Objective: PCOS is a multifaceted disorder with multiple potential risk factors (e.g. infertility, diabetes,cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome). PCOS affects quality of life and can worsen anxiety and depression either due to the features of PCOS or due to the diagnosis of a chronic disease. This study aimed to determine the risk factors of PCOS in a group of patients.
Materials and methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 81 patients with PCOS were studied in Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran. A questionnaire with items related to stress information was used for data collection. Stress  symptoms were assessed using the Understanding Yourself standard questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, ILL, USA). Data are presented as mean ± SD or as frequency with percentages. P-value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
Results: The evaluation of psychological signs in 81 PCO patients and descriptive results showed that 8 (9.9%) had not any stress problem, 32 (39.5%) had neurotic stress, 29 (35.8%) had high level and 12 (14.8%) had extremely high level of stress. The age range of 26 years and more (P=0.023), touchy personality (P = 0.028) and acne (P = 0.015) related with high stress level. The odds of high level of anxiety in women with hirsutism was 3.1 (95%CI 1.00 to 9.59). The odds of high level of obsession in overweight patients was 3.2 (95%CI 1.12 to 9.234). The odds of high level of worrisome in patients with touchy personality was 3.4 (95%CI 1.10 to 11.19). Obsession score had a correlation with illness duration (r = -0.268, P = 0.038).
Conclusion: These data showed that clinical signs of PCOS are the most closely associated with psychological distress and this  has important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of  disorders.

Objective: This study was carried out to clarify the potential health-risk and to determinant the prevalence of antenatal rubella infection in North-Central, Nigeria.
Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among pregnant women to establish the knowledge, attitude and practices with regards to antenatal rubella infection in early pregnancy in Ilorin. A total of 92 subjects were recruited by simple random selection from the antenatal clinics of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.
Results: Results showed that congenitally defective eyes or ears were regarded as a greater burden to bear than a congenitally defective heart. Pregnant mothers are more likely to abort a congenitally defective fetus before term. Multigravid pregnant women are more likely to have an abortion (X 2 = 12.48, df = 4, p = 0.014), just as married pregnant women were more likely to abort a congenitally defective fetus before term (X 2 = 23.64, df = 4, p = 0.0).
Conclusion: It is a general assumption that Nigeria today is majorly rural, therefore, health educational activities for prompt antenatal reporting in sub-urban Ilorin, and Nigeria as a whole, may be a relevant intervention for pregnant women.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of folic acid supplementation amongst Iranian pregnant women.
Materials and methods: We selected 322 women through simple randomized method in a cross section study. Data was gathered on the base of questionnaire and interview. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The value of p<0.05 was considered as significant level.
Results: The obtained information revealed that 7.8% with high level of knowledge, 43.8% with intermediate level, 30.4% with low level knowledge, and 18% with no knowledge. Hospitals and health centers are two major sources for promoting popular awareness about folic acid. There is a significant relationship between the knowledge, education, employment, time of prenatal care beginning, age, gravidity, and sources of health information. The number of women with high level of knowledge was more among those with lower parity, higher level of education, employment, young age and looking for health information.
Conclusion: Awareness of folic acid is low among Iranian women. The different strategies are required to elevate the knowledge about folic acid among the women in reproductive age and provide them with some information about the benefits of this supplement.

Objective: To investigate on relationship among family environment, pornography and sexual behavior of adolescents. Pornography may start from early youth along with starting of sexual behavior. Therefore it is important that the role of family factors in pornography be studied.
Materials and methods: The sample includes 362 students who were chosen by Proportional Cluster method from the first grade of High School (14 and 15 years old). The research instruments were Schaefer’s Family Environment Scales (FES), a researcher made Sexual Behaviors Scale (SBS), and Pornography Scale (PS).
Results: The results indicate that there is a positive significant relationship between sexual Behaviors Scale (SBS) and pornography and there is a positive significant relationship between levels of coldness in family relationship and adolescents’ Freedom. Also the result of stepwise regression shows, in the first step, level of sexual behavior is the strongest variable that predicts .42 of variance of adolescent's pornography. In the second step, Coldness in family relationship determines .05 of variances of pornography of adolescents. Gender differentiates shows that boys' pornography is more than for girls.
Conclusion: Therefore coldness in family relationship is related with pornography and sexual behavior of adolescents. 

Objective: To assess the level of knowledge of the adolescent girls regarding reproductive health issues.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional descriptive type of study was carried out among 150 unmarried adolescent girls of Vashantek slum in Dhaka city by face to face interview using a semistructured questionnaire from January to June 2008.
Results: The mean age of the respondents were 16.4±2.9 years ranging from 10-19 years. Out of 150 respondents, 130 had history of menstruation and their median age of menarche was 13 years. The correct knowledge was high among the adolescent having secondary level of education than the SSC and above or primary level of education and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). About three-fourths of the respondents had sufficient knowledge about hygienic menstrual practice. Majority of the girls could mention the legal age of marriage. Regarding the demerits of early marriage, majority mentioned some of the demerits but not all. Three-fifths of the respondents had no knowledge on importance of family planning and regarding the methods of family planning, majority of them had no knowledge. Majority of the respondents heard the disease AIDS but regarding the knowledge on causative agent half of them had no knowledge. More than two-fifths had no knowledge on mode of transmission of AIDS. It was also found that majority of the  respondents had no knowledge on symptoms of AIDS and three-fifths had no knowledge on prevention of AIDS.
Conclusion: So formal, informal and special educational program may be taken to educate the adolescent girls on reproductive health issues and government should be more concerned about this.

Objective: The Pap smear is a reliable, inexpensive and effective screening test for cervical cancer; the second most common cancer among women worldwide. We aimed to determine women’s knowledge, attitudes and practice towards Pap smear and barriers for the screening in a public hospital.
Materials and methods: This study, was carried out on 350  outpatient married women reffering for a visit at the clinics of the Alzahra educational hospital, Rasht- Iran, 2011. A questionnaire including demographic characteristics (24 questions), knowledge (14 questions), attitudes (11 statments) and practice (10 questions) towards Pap smear was completed by interview with the women. The data were analyzed using SPSS ver.13.
Results: Mean age of participants was 32 (SD 12) years. Of the respondents, only 44.3% were aware of the Pap smear and 27.1% had had it at least once in their life. The most common  reason for having the test was physicians’ or other health workers’ advise and for not having the test was no recommendation by health providers and lack of knowledge about Pap smear. Embarrassing, fear of the test result or economic problems mentioned by only 12 (4.2%) as the main barrier. Mean (±SD) knowledge score of the women who had heard about the Pap smear was 59.4 (24.3) and attitudes score of all participants was 48.5 (11.6) from possible range score of 0-100. Women with a history of Pap smear had had higher awareness and attitudes score.
Conclusion: The knowledge and practice of the women was inadequate and need to be promoted. Considering the main reason mentioned by the participants for not having the test, all health providers should educate and encourage women to do regular Pap smear.