Validity and Reliability of Persian Version of HIV/AIDS Related Stigma Scale for People Living With HIV/AIDS in Iran
,
Abstract
Objective: To assess the perceived HIV/AIDS related stigma a comprehensive and well developed stigma instrument is necessary. This study aimed to assess validity and reliability of the Persian version of HIV/AIDS related stigma scale which was developed by Kang et al for people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran.
Materials and methods: Thescale was forward translatedby two bilingual academic members then both translations were discussed by expert team. Back-translation was done by two other bilingual translators then we carried out discussion with both of them. To evaluate understandability the scale was administered to 10 Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Final Persian version was administered to 80 PLWHA in Qom, Iran in 2014. Test–retest reliability was assessed in a sample of 20 PLWHA after a week by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).
Results: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for overall scale was 0.85. Also Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the five subscales were as follows: social rejection (9 items, α = 0.84), negative self-worth (4 items,
α = 0.70), perceived interpersonal insecurity (2 items, α = 0.57), financial insecurity (3 items, α = 0.70), discretionary disclosure (2 items, α = 0.83). Test–retest reliability was also approved with ICC = 0.78. Correlation between items and their hypothesized subscale is greater than 0.5. Correlation between an item and its own subscale was significantly higher than its correlation with other subscales.
Conclusion: This study demonstrate that the Persian version of HIV/AIDS related stigma scale is valid and reliable to assess HIV/AIDS related stigma perceived by people living whit HIV/AIDS in Iran.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic: 2012. UNAIDS; 2012.
Anderson M, Elam G, Gerver S, Solarin I, Fenton K, Easterbrook P. HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: Accounts of HIV-positive Caribbean people in the United Kingdom. Social Science & Medicine2008;67:790-8.
Aggleton P, Wood K, Malcolm A, Parker R. HIV-related stigma discrimination and human rights violations: case studies of successful programmes. 2005.
Herek GM. Thinking about AIDS and stigma: A psychologist's perspective. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics2002;30:594-607.
Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Simon and Schuster; 2009.
Kang E, Rapkin BD, Remien RH, Mellins CA, Oh A. Multiple dimensions of HIV stigma and psychological distress among Asians and Pacific Islanders living with HIV illness. AIDS and Behavior 2005;9:145-54.
Logie C, James L, Tharao W, Loutfy M. Associations between HIV-related stigma, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and depression among HIV-positive African, Caribbean, and Black women in Ontario, Canada. AIDS patient care and STDs2013;27:114-22.
Louw J, Peltzer K, Chirinda W. Correlates of HIV risk reduction self-efficacy among youth in South Africa. The Scientific World Journal 2012;2012:817315.
Molina Y, Ramirez-Valles J. HIV/AIDS stigma: Measurement and relationships to psycho-behavioral factors in Latino gay/bisexual men and transgender women. AIDS care 2013;25:1559-68.
Sherr L, Clucas C, Harding R, Sibley E, Catalan J. HIV and depression–a systematic review of interventions. Psychology health & medicine 2011;16:493-527.
Fallahzadeh H, Morowatisharifabad M, Ehrampoosh M. HIV/AIDS epidemic features and trends in Iran, 1986–2006. AIDS and Behavior2009;13:297-302.
Ministry of Health and Medical Education, National AIDS Committee Secretariat. Islamic Republic of Iran AIDS Progress Report On Monitoring of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV and AIDS. Tehran, Iran2014.
Update, UNAIDS. Islamic Republic of Iran: Epidemiological fact sheets on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted disease. 2004.
Mahmoudi M, Dehdari T, Shojaeezadeh D, Abbasian L. Coping with stress strategies in HIV-infected Iranian patients. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 2015; 26:464-71.
Mohammadpour A, Yekta ZP, Nasrabadi ARN, Mohraz M. Coming to terms with a diagnosis of HIV in Iran: a phenomenological study. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2009;20:249-59.
Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, Remien RH, Sawires SR, Ortiz DJ, et al. Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS 2008;22Suppl 2:S67-79.
SeyedAlinaghi S, Paydary K, Kazerooni PA, Hosseini M, Sedaghat A, Fard S. Evaluation Stigma Index among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in six cities in IRAN. Thrita2013;2:69-75.
Ebrahimi-Kalan M, Rimaz S, AsghariJafarabadi M, et al. Validity and Reliability of the Iranian Version of the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument–PLWHA (HASI-P). Health promotion perspectives2013;3:194- 205.
Fife BL, Wright ER. The dimensionality of stigma: A comparison of its impact on the self of persons with HIV/AIDS and cancer. Journal of health and social behavior 2000:50-67.
Bartko JJ. The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability. Psychological reports. 1966;19:3-11.
Van Brakel WH. Measuring health-related stigma-a literature review. Psychology health & medicine2006;11:307-34.
Hoben M, Mahler C, Bär M, Berger S, SquiresJanet E, EstabrookCarole A, et al. German translation of the Alberta context tool and two measures of research use: methods, challenges and lessons learned. BMC health services research 2013;13:478.
González‐Calvo J, Gonzalez VM, Lorig K. Cultural diversity issues in the development of valid and reliable measures of health status. Arthritis Care Res1997;10:448-56.
Harkness J, Pennell BE, Schoua‐Glusberg A. Survey questionnaire translation and assessment. Methods for testing and evaluating survey questionnaires2004:
-73.
Maneesriwongul W, Dixon JK. Instrument translation process: a methods review. Journal of advanced nursing 2004;48:175-186.
Li X, Wang H, Williams A, He G. Stigma reported by people living with HIV in south central China. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care2009;20:22-30.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9, No 4 (December 2015) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| HIV/AIDS Stigma Validity Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
