Design and Psychometrics of the Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns Scale of Iranian Never-Married Women Over 35
,
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to design the Farsi Scale of Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns of never-married women over 35 and to assess its psychometric properties.
Materials and methods: This mixed method research had two phases. The first phase was qualitative (Conventional Content Analysis). We interviewed never-married Iranian women over 35; from their responses, we extracted specific statements which to be used as questionnaire items. To validate the questionnaire psychometrically, we tested its validity (face, content, and structure) and reliability (internal consistency and stability). For qualitative face validity, 15 never-married women and 5 experts commented on the style of sentences. For quantitative face validity, we used the impact score. For qualitative content validity, 15 experts commented on the items based on their appropriateness, and for quantitative content validity, we performed the Content Validity Ratio and Content Validity Index. Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to Construct Validity. To evaluate structural validity, a cross-sectional sample of 240 never-married women over the age of 35 completed the questionnaire. Cronbach’s Alpha was used for internal consistency. In addition, the test-retest method and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to ensure stability.
Results: The Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns Scale of Iranian Never-Married Women over
35 was developed with 15 items and three dimensions (Emotional burden; Sexual needs; Stigma). Cronbach's alpha for the instrument was 0.81 and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.98.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the developed scale has acceptable validity and reliability, and thus can be used to assess the sexual-reproductive needs and concerns of never-married Iranian women of 35 and over.
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27. Shahrak SP, Brand S, Taghizadeh Z. Coping with singleness. Women's midlife health. 2023;9(1):3.
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29. Saili J, Shanat M. I’m not married, let’s just all look at me”: single professional Malay women’s experience. Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci. 2018;8(14):91-9.
30. Himawan KK, Bambling M, Edirippulige S. What does it mean to be single in Indonesia? Religiosity, social stigma, and marital status among never-married Indonesian adults. Sage Open. 2018;8(3):2158244018803132.
31. Adamczyk K. Voluntary and involuntary singlehood and young adults’ mental health: An investigation of mediating role of romantic loneliness. Current Psychology. 2017;36(4):888-904.
32. Qaderzadeh O, Gholami F, Gholami E. Semantic reconstruction of girls’ lived experience of singleness. Woman in Development & Politics. 2017;15(3):403-26.
33. Ibrahim R, Hassan Z. Understanding singlehood from the experiences of never-married Malay Muslim women in Malaysia: Some preliminary findings. European Journal of Social Sciences. 2009;8(3):395-405.
34. Azmawati AA, Hashim IH, Endut N. “Don’t Marry, Be Happy!”–How Single Women in Malaysia View Marriage. SHS Web of Conferences. 2015;18
35. Duchaine B, Cosmides L, Tooby J. Evolutionary psychology and the brain. Current opinion in neurobiology. 2001;11(2):225-30.
36. Contreras D, Lillo S, Vera-Villarroel P. Subjective sexual well-being in Chilean adults: Evaluation of a predictive model. Journal of sex & marital therapy. 2016;42(4):338-52.
37. Fisher H. Why we love: The nature and chemistry of romantic love. Macmillan; 2004.
38. Fisher HE, Xu X, Aron A, Brown LL. Intense, Passionate, Romantic Love: A Natural Addiction? How the Fields That Investigate Romance and Substance Abuse Can Inform Each Other. Front Psychol. 2016;7:687.
39. Fisher WA, Donahue KL, Long JS, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Sand MS. Individual and Partner Correlates of Sexual Satisfaction and Relationship Happiness in Midlife Couples: Dyadic Analysis of the International Survey of Relationships. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44(6):1609-20.
40. Duberstein Lindberg L, Singh S. Sexual behavior of single adult American women. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2008;40(1):27-33.
41. Farahani FK, Cleland J, Mehryar AH. Associations between family factors and premarital heterosexual relationships among female college students in Tehran. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2011;37(1):30-9.
42. Mroczek B, Kurpas D, Gronowska M, Kotwas A, Karakiewicz B. Psychosexual needs and sexual behaviors of nursing care home residents. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;57(1):32-8.
43. Ezabadi FG, Ghasemi V, Kiyanpour M. Social Attitudes towards the Singlehood of Girls over 30 years Old (The case of Yazd City). Contemporary Sociological Research. 2015;4(7):99-127
2. United Nation, The World’s Women 2010: Trends and Statistics. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/the-worlds-women-2010-trends-and-statistics-2.html/ 2010.
3. Heins M. Going Solo: A Qualitative Comparison of Single Women in Japan and Colombia. University of Colorado Boulder, 2017.
4. Shahanvaz S, Azadeh MA, Ghazizadeh M. Probability of Occurrence and Sensitivity Analysis of Singleness Drivers in Iran 1414. Strategic Studies On Youth and Sports. 2020;46:195-220.
5. El Ibrahimi S, Pinheiro PS. The effect of marriage on stage at diagnosis and survival in women with cervical cancer. Psychooncology. 2017;26(5):704-710.
6. Shahanavaz S, Azadeh MA. A Meta-synthesis of Singleness Studies in Iran. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological. 2019;16(4):43-78.
7. Rahmani A, Merghati-Khoei E, Moghaddam-Banaem L, Hajizadeh E, Montazeri A. The Viewpoints of Sexually Active Single Women About Premarital Sexual Relationships: A Qualitative Study in the Iranian Context. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2016;5(1):e23159.
8. Mohammadi F, Kohan S, Mostafavi F, Gholami A. The Stigma of Reproductive Health Services Utilization by Unmarried Women. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(3):e24231.
9. Cleland J. Illustrative Questionnaire for Interview-Surveys with Young People. World Health
Organization. 2001.
10. Khani S, Moghaddam-Banaem L, Mohamadi E, Vedadhir AA, Hajizadeh E. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs Assessment Questionnaire. East Mediterr Health J. 2015;21(1):29-38.
11. Taghizadeh Z, Ebadi A, Shahrak SP, Brand S. Design and Psychometrics of the Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns Scale of Iranian Never-Married Women Over 35. 2017.
12. Creswell JW, Clark VLP. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. 3nd ed. United States: SAGE, 2017.
13. Waltz CF, Strickland OL, Lenz ER. Measurement in Nursing and Health Research. 4nd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2010.
14. Hajizadeh E, Asghari M. Statistical methods and analyses in health and biosciences a research methodological approach. Tehran: Jahade Daneshgahi Publications. 2011;395:395-410.
15. Ayre C, Scally AJ. Critical values for lawshe’s content validity ratio revisiting the original methods of calculation. Meas Eval Couns Dev. 2014;47(1):79‑86.
16. Polit DF, Beck CT. The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2006;29(5):489-97.
17. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, Wiklund I, Chen WH, Kline Leidy N. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(3):648-54.
18. Reichenheim ME, Hökerberg YH, Moraes CL. Assessing construct structural validity of epidemiological measurement tools: a seven-step roadmap. Cad Saude Publica. 2014;30(5):927-39.
19. Litcha SB, Kelvin EA. Munro’s Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. 6nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, 2013.
20. Kellar SP, Kelvin E. Munro's Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. 6nd ed. Wolters Kluwer: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2012.
21. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. 2nd ed. Guilford publications, 2015.
22. Ebadi A, Zarshenas L, Rakhshan M, Zareiyan A, Sharifnia S, Mojahedi MJ. Principles of scale development in health science. Tehran: Jame-e-negar. 2017;6.
23. Reneman MF, Dijkstra A, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU. Psychometric properties of Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaires: a systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2010;14(5):457-65.
24. Wu CY, Chuang LL, Lin KC, Lee SD, Hong WH. Responsiveness, minimal detectable change, and minimal clinically important difference of the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living
Scale in patients with improved performance after stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(8):1281-7.
25. Harper A, Power M. WHOQOL User manual. Edinburgh, 1999.
26. Shahrak SP, Brand S, Taghizadeh Z. Living with singleness: needs and concerns of never-married women over 35. BMC Psychol. 2021;9(1):129.
27. Shahrak SP, Brand S, Taghizadeh Z. Coping with singleness. Women's midlife health. 2023;9(1):3.
28. Asnawi AL, Gravell AM, Wills GB. Factor analysis: Investigating important aspects for agile adoption in Malaysia. Agile India. 2012:60-63.
29. Saili J, Shanat M. I’m not married, let’s just all look at me”: single professional Malay women’s experience. Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci. 2018;8(14):91-9.
30. Himawan KK, Bambling M, Edirippulige S. What does it mean to be single in Indonesia? Religiosity, social stigma, and marital status among never-married Indonesian adults. Sage Open. 2018;8(3):2158244018803132.
31. Adamczyk K. Voluntary and involuntary singlehood and young adults’ mental health: An investigation of mediating role of romantic loneliness. Current Psychology. 2017;36(4):888-904.
32. Qaderzadeh O, Gholami F, Gholami E. Semantic reconstruction of girls’ lived experience of singleness. Woman in Development & Politics. 2017;15(3):403-26.
33. Ibrahim R, Hassan Z. Understanding singlehood from the experiences of never-married Malay Muslim women in Malaysia: Some preliminary findings. European Journal of Social Sciences. 2009;8(3):395-405.
34. Azmawati AA, Hashim IH, Endut N. “Don’t Marry, Be Happy!”–How Single Women in Malaysia View Marriage. SHS Web of Conferences. 2015;18
35. Duchaine B, Cosmides L, Tooby J. Evolutionary psychology and the brain. Current opinion in neurobiology. 2001;11(2):225-30.
36. Contreras D, Lillo S, Vera-Villarroel P. Subjective sexual well-being in Chilean adults: Evaluation of a predictive model. Journal of sex & marital therapy. 2016;42(4):338-52.
37. Fisher H. Why we love: The nature and chemistry of romantic love. Macmillan; 2004.
38. Fisher HE, Xu X, Aron A, Brown LL. Intense, Passionate, Romantic Love: A Natural Addiction? How the Fields That Investigate Romance and Substance Abuse Can Inform Each Other. Front Psychol. 2016;7:687.
39. Fisher WA, Donahue KL, Long JS, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Sand MS. Individual and Partner Correlates of Sexual Satisfaction and Relationship Happiness in Midlife Couples: Dyadic Analysis of the International Survey of Relationships. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44(6):1609-20.
40. Duberstein Lindberg L, Singh S. Sexual behavior of single adult American women. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2008;40(1):27-33.
41. Farahani FK, Cleland J, Mehryar AH. Associations between family factors and premarital heterosexual relationships among female college students in Tehran. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2011;37(1):30-9.
42. Mroczek B, Kurpas D, Gronowska M, Kotwas A, Karakiewicz B. Psychosexual needs and sexual behaviors of nursing care home residents. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;57(1):32-8.
43. Ezabadi FG, Ghasemi V, Kiyanpour M. Social Attitudes towards the Singlehood of Girls over 30 years Old (The case of Yazd City). Contemporary Sociological Research. 2015;4(7):99-127
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18, No 3 (September 2024) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v18i3.16660 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Never-Married Women Reproductive Needs Sexual Needs Scale Design | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Pourasad Shahrak S, Brand S, Taghizadeh Z, Ebadi A. Design and Psychometrics of the Sexual-Reproductive Needs and Concerns Scale of Iranian Never-Married Women Over 35. J Family Reprod Health. 2024;18(3):180-187.
