The Establishment of Shelters as a New Paradigm Towards Struggling With Violence Against Women: A Literature Review
Abstract
Objective: Shelters are an important part of a full response to survivors, as stated in many international conventions, such as the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BDPfA). This study aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the establishment of shelters for women survivors of violence.
Materials and methods: This narrative review was conducted based on the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA). The MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid, and EBSCO databases in English and Magiran and Scientific Information Database (SID) in Persian were searched for related documents. Also, WHO, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the United Nations Population Fund's (UNFPA) guidelines and instructions for shelter services for women and girls who have been subjected were searched up to July 31, 2023. A qualitative synthesis was carried out on the 28 eligible articles and instructions out of the 420 retrieved documents.
Results: "A "shelter" describes emergency and temporary "safe accommodation for women and children who have been subjected to or are at risk of (typically male) domestic abuse. Types of shelters include emergency shelters or safe homes, second-stage or transitional housing facilities, third-stage housing, and alternative accommodation during (and occasionally after) the period of residence. The shelter delivers a wide range of services, including health services, socio-economic services, and legal services. These principles consisted of a comprehensive perspective, quality of service, organization, funding, and the right issues.
Conclusion: Women who are survivors need holistic, interdisciplinary, and specialist care that focuses on safety and needs. The adoption of regulations with robust enforcement guarantees and the facilitation of approvals for the construction of non-governmental shelters and safe houses should be on the agenda setting.
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6. Baker CK, Billhardt KA, Warren J, Rollins C, Glass NE. Domestic violence, housing instability, and homelessness: A review of housing policies and program practices for meeting the needs of survivors. Aggression and violent behavior. 2010;15(6):430-9.
7. Ford-Gilboe M, Varcoe C, Noh M, Wuest J, Hammerton J, Alhalal E, et al. Patterns and predictors of service use among women who have separated from an abusive partner. Journal of Family Violence. 2015;30(4):419-31.
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9. Lyon‐Callo V. Medicalizing homelessness: the production of self‐blame and self‐governing within homeless shelters. Medical anthropology quarterly. 2000;14(3):328-45.
10. Hosseinabadi M, Amirahmadi R, Esmaeili A, Naeimi M. The Process of Violence against Women in Iran and the World: Providing Solutions to Reduce Violence based on the Experience of Countries. IAU International Journal of Social Sciences. 2021;11(4).
11. Kothari M. Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. 2009.
12. Gierman T, Liska A. Shelter for Women and Girls at Risk of or Survivors of Violence. Shelter Module, Canadian Network of Women’s Shelters and Transition Houses, March. 2013.
13. The 4th World Conference of Women’s Shelters. Worldwide Women’s Helplines Project reaches 61 countries. Nov 5-8, 2019. https://fourth.worldshelterconference.org/en/news/729.
14. Correia A, Melbin A. Transitional housing services for victims of domestic violence: A report from the Housing Committee of the National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence. 2005.
15. Understanding Women’s Second Stage Housing Programs in BC [Internet]. 2012 [cited 14 December 2022]. Available from: https://www.bchousing.org/publications/Understanding-Womens-Second-Stage-Housing-Programs-BC.pdf
16. Tutty L, Bradshaw C, Hewson J, MacLaurin B, Waegemakers Schiff J, Worthington C. Risks and assets for homelessness Prevention. 2017.
17. Women U, UNFPA W, UNDP U. Essential services package for women and girls subject to violence. New York: UN Women. 2015.
18. Gierman T, Liska A, Reimer J. Shelter for Women and Girls at Risk of or Survivors of Violence. Shelter Module March 2013. Canada. https://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/modules/pdf/1363538451.pdf
19. Mason R, Wolf M, O’Rinn S, Ene G. Making connections across silos: intimate partner violence, mental health, and substance use. BMC Womens Health. 2017;17(1): 29.
20. McFarlane J, Symes L, Maddoux J, Gilroy H, Koci A. Is length of shelter stay and receipt of a protection order associated with less violence and better functioning for abused women? Outcome data 4 months after receiving services. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2014;29(15):2748-74.
21. Capezza NM, Schumacher EC, Brady BC. Trends in intimate partner violence services provided by substance abuse treatment facilities: Findings from a national sample. Journal of Family Violence. 2015;30(1):85-91.
22. Hughes J. Women’s advocates and shelter residents: Describing experiences of working and living in domestic violence shelters. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2020;35(15-16):3034-53.
23. Wathen CN, Harris RM, Ford-Gilboe M, Hansen M. What counts? A mixed-methods study to inform evaluation of shelters for abused women. Violence Against Women. 2015;21(1):125-46.
24. Quirouette M. Risks, Needs and Reality Checks: Community Work with Multiply Disadvantaged Justice Involved Individuals 2017.
25. Kulkarni S. Intersectional trauma-informed intimate partner violence (IPV) services: Narrowing the gap between IPV service delivery and survivor needs. Journal of family violence. 2019;34(1):55-64.
26. Tutty LM. Addressing the safety and trauma issues of abused women: A cross-Canada study of YWCA shelters. Journal of International Women's Studies.
2015;16(3):101-16.
27. Jonker IE, Sijbrandij M, Van Luijtelaar MJ, Cuijpers P, Wolf JR. The effectiveness of interventions during and after residence in women’s shelters: A meta-analysis. The European Journal of Public Health. 2015;25(1):15-9.
28. Weissman DM. Countering neoliberalism and aligning solidarities: Rethinking domestic violence advocacy. Sw L REv. 2015;45:915.
29. Burnett C, Ford-Gilboe M, Berman H, Wathen N, Ward-Griffin C. The day-to-day reality of delivering shelter services to women exposed to intimate partner violence in the context of system and policy demands. Journal of Social Service Research. 2016;42(4):516-32.
30. Brinegar SJ. The social construction of homeless shelters in the Phoenix area. Urban Geography. 2003;24(1):61-74.
31. Vinton L, Wilke DJ. Are collaborations enough? Professionals’ knowledge of victim services. Violence against Women. 2014;20(6):716-29.
32. Hovey A, Roberts C, Scott S, Chambers L. Understanding the landscape of substance use management practices in domestic violence shelters across ontario. Journal of family violence. 2020;35(2):191-201.
33. Demczuk I, Lévesque C, Monatasse M. Project ISHKUTEU. Domestic violence support services in response to native women’s needs. 2008.
34. Stensrud A. Toward a better understanding of the needs of shelter users. 2005.
35. Annan K, General S, Nations U. Putting it together: AIDS and the Millennium Development Goals. Geneva: United Nations; 2006.
36. Training Manual for Improving Quality Services for Victims of Domestic Violence. [Internet]. 2008. Available from: http://fileserver.wave-network.org/trainingmanuals/IMPROVE_Quality_Services_2008.pdf.
37. Kelly L. Combating violence against women: minimum standards for support services. 2008.
38. Minimum standards on shelters for abused women. [Internet]. 2001. Available from: https://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/minimum_standards_southafrica_2001.pdf
39. National Service Standards for Domestic and Sexual Violence Core Standards. 2009.
40. Guidelines for the Management of Safe Shelters for GBV survivors in the English and Dutch-speaking Caribbean. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 15 December 2022]. Available from: https://caribbean.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/managing_safe_shelters_for_survivors_of_gender_based_violence_gbv_in_the_caribbean_0.pdf
41. Kaula PM. Influence of monitoring and evaluation practices on the performance of county government projects: a case of market shelter construction projects in Kitui East Subcounty. 2020.
42. McQuigg RJ. The Istanbul convention, domestic violence and human rights: Routledge; 2017.
43. Satyen L, Supol M, Ranganathan A, Toumbourou JW. International and cross-cultural research on men’s violence against female intimate partners. The SAGE handbook of domestic violence. 2021:40-60.
44. Gregg P, Grout PA, Ratcliffe A, Smith S, Windmeijer F. How important is pro-social behaviour in the delivery of public services? Journal of public economics. 2011;95(7-8):758-66.
45. Fisher EM, Stylianou AM. To stay or to leave: Factors influencing victims’ decisions to stay or leave a domestic violence emergency shelter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2019;34(4):785-811.
46. McNamara JR, Tamanini K, Pelletier-Walker S. The impact of short-term counseling at a domestic violence shelter. Research on Social Work Practice. 2008;18(2):132-6.
47. Itzhaky H, Porat AB. Battered women in shelters: Internal resources, well-being, and integration. Affilia. 2005;20(1):39-51.
48. Bennett L, Riger S, Schewe P, Howard A, Wasco S. Effectiveness of hotline, advocacy, counseling, and shelter services for victims of domestic violence: A statewide evaluation. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2004;19(7):815-29.
49. Goodman L, Epstein D. Refocusing on women: A new direction for policy and research on intimate partner violence. Journal of interpersonal Violence. 2005;20(4):479-87.
50. Yoshioka MR, Choi DY. Culture and interpersonal violence research: Paradigm shift to create a full continuum of domestic violence services. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2005;20(4):513-9.
51. Melbin A, Sullivan CM, Cain D. Transitional supportive housing programs: Battered women's perspectives and recommendations. Affilia. 2003;18(4):445-60.
52. Hart W, Vazquez I, Hedberg EC. Serving Valley Victims of Domestic Violence: Challenges and Choices: Morrison Institute for Public Policy, Arizona State University, College of …; 2014.
53. Beres MA, Crow B, Gotell L. The perils of institutionalization in neoliberal times: Results of a national survey of Canadian sexual assault and rape crisis centres. Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie. 2009;34(1):135-63.
54. Macy RJ, Ferron J, Crosby C. Partner violence and survivors' chronic health problems: informing social work practice. Social Work. 2009;54(1):29-43.
2. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/341337/9789240022256-eng.pdf?sequence=1
3. Vyas S, Meinhart M, Troy K, Brumbaum H, Poulton C, Stark L. The economic cost of violence against women and girls in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2023;24(1):44-55.
4. RESPECT women: Preventing violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/312261/WHO-RHR-18.19-eng.pdf?sequence=1
5. Violence against women [Internet]. 2021 [cited 15 December 2021]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women.
6. Baker CK, Billhardt KA, Warren J, Rollins C, Glass NE. Domestic violence, housing instability, and homelessness: A review of housing policies and program practices for meeting the needs of survivors. Aggression and violent behavior. 2010;15(6):430-9.
7. Ford-Gilboe M, Varcoe C, Noh M, Wuest J, Hammerton J, Alhalal E, et al. Patterns and predictors of service use among women who have separated from an abusive partner. Journal of Family Violence. 2015;30(4):419-31.
8. Women U. Beijing declaration and platform for action: UNWOMEN; 1995.
9. Lyon‐Callo V. Medicalizing homelessness: the production of self‐blame and self‐governing within homeless shelters. Medical anthropology quarterly. 2000;14(3):328-45.
10. Hosseinabadi M, Amirahmadi R, Esmaeili A, Naeimi M. The Process of Violence against Women in Iran and the World: Providing Solutions to Reduce Violence based on the Experience of Countries. IAU International Journal of Social Sciences. 2021;11(4).
11. Kothari M. Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. 2009.
12. Gierman T, Liska A. Shelter for Women and Girls at Risk of or Survivors of Violence. Shelter Module, Canadian Network of Women’s Shelters and Transition Houses, March. 2013.
13. The 4th World Conference of Women’s Shelters. Worldwide Women’s Helplines Project reaches 61 countries. Nov 5-8, 2019. https://fourth.worldshelterconference.org/en/news/729.
14. Correia A, Melbin A. Transitional housing services for victims of domestic violence: A report from the Housing Committee of the National Task Force to End Sexual and Domestic Violence. 2005.
15. Understanding Women’s Second Stage Housing Programs in BC [Internet]. 2012 [cited 14 December 2022]. Available from: https://www.bchousing.org/publications/Understanding-Womens-Second-Stage-Housing-Programs-BC.pdf
16. Tutty L, Bradshaw C, Hewson J, MacLaurin B, Waegemakers Schiff J, Worthington C. Risks and assets for homelessness Prevention. 2017.
17. Women U, UNFPA W, UNDP U. Essential services package for women and girls subject to violence. New York: UN Women. 2015.
18. Gierman T, Liska A, Reimer J. Shelter for Women and Girls at Risk of or Survivors of Violence. Shelter Module March 2013. Canada. https://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/modules/pdf/1363538451.pdf
19. Mason R, Wolf M, O’Rinn S, Ene G. Making connections across silos: intimate partner violence, mental health, and substance use. BMC Womens Health. 2017;17(1): 29.
20. McFarlane J, Symes L, Maddoux J, Gilroy H, Koci A. Is length of shelter stay and receipt of a protection order associated with less violence and better functioning for abused women? Outcome data 4 months after receiving services. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2014;29(15):2748-74.
21. Capezza NM, Schumacher EC, Brady BC. Trends in intimate partner violence services provided by substance abuse treatment facilities: Findings from a national sample. Journal of Family Violence. 2015;30(1):85-91.
22. Hughes J. Women’s advocates and shelter residents: Describing experiences of working and living in domestic violence shelters. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2020;35(15-16):3034-53.
23. Wathen CN, Harris RM, Ford-Gilboe M, Hansen M. What counts? A mixed-methods study to inform evaluation of shelters for abused women. Violence Against Women. 2015;21(1):125-46.
24. Quirouette M. Risks, Needs and Reality Checks: Community Work with Multiply Disadvantaged Justice Involved Individuals 2017.
25. Kulkarni S. Intersectional trauma-informed intimate partner violence (IPV) services: Narrowing the gap between IPV service delivery and survivor needs. Journal of family violence. 2019;34(1):55-64.
26. Tutty LM. Addressing the safety and trauma issues of abused women: A cross-Canada study of YWCA shelters. Journal of International Women's Studies.
2015;16(3):101-16.
27. Jonker IE, Sijbrandij M, Van Luijtelaar MJ, Cuijpers P, Wolf JR. The effectiveness of interventions during and after residence in women’s shelters: A meta-analysis. The European Journal of Public Health. 2015;25(1):15-9.
28. Weissman DM. Countering neoliberalism and aligning solidarities: Rethinking domestic violence advocacy. Sw L REv. 2015;45:915.
29. Burnett C, Ford-Gilboe M, Berman H, Wathen N, Ward-Griffin C. The day-to-day reality of delivering shelter services to women exposed to intimate partner violence in the context of system and policy demands. Journal of Social Service Research. 2016;42(4):516-32.
30. Brinegar SJ. The social construction of homeless shelters in the Phoenix area. Urban Geography. 2003;24(1):61-74.
31. Vinton L, Wilke DJ. Are collaborations enough? Professionals’ knowledge of victim services. Violence against Women. 2014;20(6):716-29.
32. Hovey A, Roberts C, Scott S, Chambers L. Understanding the landscape of substance use management practices in domestic violence shelters across ontario. Journal of family violence. 2020;35(2):191-201.
33. Demczuk I, Lévesque C, Monatasse M. Project ISHKUTEU. Domestic violence support services in response to native women’s needs. 2008.
34. Stensrud A. Toward a better understanding of the needs of shelter users. 2005.
35. Annan K, General S, Nations U. Putting it together: AIDS and the Millennium Development Goals. Geneva: United Nations; 2006.
36. Training Manual for Improving Quality Services for Victims of Domestic Violence. [Internet]. 2008. Available from: http://fileserver.wave-network.org/trainingmanuals/IMPROVE_Quality_Services_2008.pdf.
37. Kelly L. Combating violence against women: minimum standards for support services. 2008.
38. Minimum standards on shelters for abused women. [Internet]. 2001. Available from: https://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/minimum_standards_southafrica_2001.pdf
39. National Service Standards for Domestic and Sexual Violence Core Standards. 2009.
40. Guidelines for the Management of Safe Shelters for GBV survivors in the English and Dutch-speaking Caribbean. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 15 December 2022]. Available from: https://caribbean.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/managing_safe_shelters_for_survivors_of_gender_based_violence_gbv_in_the_caribbean_0.pdf
41. Kaula PM. Influence of monitoring and evaluation practices on the performance of county government projects: a case of market shelter construction projects in Kitui East Subcounty. 2020.
42. McQuigg RJ. The Istanbul convention, domestic violence and human rights: Routledge; 2017.
43. Satyen L, Supol M, Ranganathan A, Toumbourou JW. International and cross-cultural research on men’s violence against female intimate partners. The SAGE handbook of domestic violence. 2021:40-60.
44. Gregg P, Grout PA, Ratcliffe A, Smith S, Windmeijer F. How important is pro-social behaviour in the delivery of public services? Journal of public economics. 2011;95(7-8):758-66.
45. Fisher EM, Stylianou AM. To stay or to leave: Factors influencing victims’ decisions to stay or leave a domestic violence emergency shelter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2019;34(4):785-811.
46. McNamara JR, Tamanini K, Pelletier-Walker S. The impact of short-term counseling at a domestic violence shelter. Research on Social Work Practice. 2008;18(2):132-6.
47. Itzhaky H, Porat AB. Battered women in shelters: Internal resources, well-being, and integration. Affilia. 2005;20(1):39-51.
48. Bennett L, Riger S, Schewe P, Howard A, Wasco S. Effectiveness of hotline, advocacy, counseling, and shelter services for victims of domestic violence: A statewide evaluation. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2004;19(7):815-29.
49. Goodman L, Epstein D. Refocusing on women: A new direction for policy and research on intimate partner violence. Journal of interpersonal Violence. 2005;20(4):479-87.
50. Yoshioka MR, Choi DY. Culture and interpersonal violence research: Paradigm shift to create a full continuum of domestic violence services. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2005;20(4):513-9.
51. Melbin A, Sullivan CM, Cain D. Transitional supportive housing programs: Battered women's perspectives and recommendations. Affilia. 2003;18(4):445-60.
52. Hart W, Vazquez I, Hedberg EC. Serving Valley Victims of Domestic Violence: Challenges and Choices: Morrison Institute for Public Policy, Arizona State University, College of …; 2014.
53. Beres MA, Crow B, Gotell L. The perils of institutionalization in neoliberal times: Results of a national survey of Canadian sexual assault and rape crisis centres. Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie. 2009;34(1):135-63.
54. Macy RJ, Ferron J, Crosby C. Partner violence and survivors' chronic health problems: informing social work practice. Social Work. 2009;54(1):29-43.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18, No 1 (March 2024) | |
| Section | Review Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v18i1.15434 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Reproductive Health Human Rights Violence Women's Health Services Emergency Shelter | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sharifi F, Hadizadeh Talasaz Z, Larki M. The Establishment of Shelters as a New Paradigm Towards Struggling With Violence Against Women: A Literature Review. J Family Reprod Health. 2024;18(1):9-19.
