Deregulated Brain's Central Clock Management on Sleep-Wake Behavior in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Melatonin & Sleep Pattern
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to investigate the reciprocal correlation between melatonin through the brain's central clock management on sleep-wake behavior in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Biological clocks are genetically programmed physiological systems that permit organisms to live in harmony with natural rhythms. The most important function of a biological clock is to regulate overt circadian biological rhythms. Circadian rhythms orchestrate the body's rhythmic physiologic functions like sleep-wake and menstruation cycle. Stress hormones, beta-endorphins, and melatonin which can easily affect the woman's reproductive system. For example, amplitude changes in the luteal phase are one of the results of menstrual-related disorders that occur through this circadian fluctuation. Many reports indicate that levels of melatonin and stress hormones are altered in women with PCOS. The melatonin metabolites are significantly raised in the level of night-time urinary in women with PCOS, which is associated with a significant reduction of sleep quality compared to normal women. The result of this narrative review showed the circadian rhythm as a normal coordinated function is a regulator of the natural structure of sleep-wake architecture. Disruption of this natural pattern can lead to phasic activation of the HPA axis, which increases the continuation of circadian activation; which there is in women with PCOS.
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4. Lamia KA, Storch KF, Weitz CJ. Physiological
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5. Marcheva B, Ramsey KM, Buhr ED, Kobayashi Y, Su H, Ko CH, et al. Disruption of the clock components CLOCK and BMAL1 leads to hypoinsulinaemia and diabetes. Nature 2010; 466: 627–31.
6. Gachon F, Leuenberger N, Claudel T, Gos P, Jouffe C, Fleury Olela F, et al. Proline- and acidic amino acid-rich basic leucine zipper proteins modulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 4794–9.
7. Gachon F, Olela FF, Schaad O, Descombes P, Schibler U. The circadian PAR-domain basic leucine zipper transcription factors DBP, TEF, and HLF modulate basal and inducible xenobiotic detoxification. Cell Metab 2006; 4: 25–36.
8. Fahrenkrug J, Hannibal J, Georg B. Diurnal rhythmicity of the canonical clock genes Per1, Per2 and Bmal1 in the rat adrenal gland is unaltered after hypophysectomy. J. Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20: 323–9.
9. Mohawk JA, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35: 445-62.
10. Cho K, Ennaceur A, Cole JC, Suh CK. Chronic jet lag produces cognitive deficits. J Neurosci 2000; 20: RC66.
11. Oishi K, Amagai N, Shirai H, Kadota K, Ohkura N, Ishida N. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals 100 adrenal gland-dependent circadian genes in the mouse liver. DNA Res 2005; 12: 191–202.
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J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285: R561–9.
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27. Ciani E, Haug TM, Maugars G, Weltzien F-A, Falcón J, Fontaine R. Effects of Melatonin on Anterior Pituitary Plasticity: A Comparison Between Mammals and Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;
11: 605111.
28. Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002; 295: 1070–3.
29. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Tamura H, Cruz MH, Fuentes-Broto L. Clinical relevance of melatonin in ovarian and placental physiology: a review. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30: 83–9.
30. Sakai K, Yamamoto Y, Ikeuchi T. Vertebrates originally possess four functional subtypes of G protein-coupled melatonin receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 9465.
31. Kohsaka A, Bass J. A sense of time: how molecular clocks organize metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007;18: 4–11.
32. Gobbi G, Comai S. Differential Function of Melatonin MT1 and MT2 Receptors in REM and NREM Sleep. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10: 87.
33. Brzezinski A, Vangel MG, Wurtman RJ, Norrie G, Zhdanova I, Ben-Shushan A, et al. Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9: 41–50.
34. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. BMJ 2006; 332: 385–93.
35. Kaprara A, Huhtaniemi IT. The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: Tales of mice and men. Metabolism 2018; 86: 3–17.
36. Vivid D, Bentley GE. Seasonal Reproduction in Vertebrates: Melatonin Synthesis, Binding, and Functionality Using Tinbergen’s Four Questions. Molecules 2018; 23: 652.
37. Rai S, Ghosh H. Modulation of human ovarian function by melatonin. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2021; 13:140- 57.
38. Galano A, Medina ME, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and its metabolites as copper chelating agents and their role in inhibiting oxidative stress: a physicochemical analysis. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:107–16.
39. Morvaridzadeh M, Sadeghi E, Agah S, Nachvak SM, Fazelian S, Moradi F, et al. Effect of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161: 105210.
40. Galano A, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:1-16.
41. Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY. Melatonin, adolescence, and the brain: An insight into the period-specific influences of a multifunctional signaling molecule. Birth Defects Research 2017; 109:1659-71.
42. Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Maestroni GJ, Zisapel N, et al. Physiological effects of melatonin: Role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85: 335-53.
43. Mojaverrostami S, Asghari N, Khamisabadi M, Heidari Khoei H. The role of melatonin in polycystic ovary syndrome: A review. Int J Reprod Biomed 2019; 17: 865-82.
44. Deswal R, Narwal V, Dang A, Pundir CS. The Prevalence
of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Brief Systematic Review. J Hum Reprod Sci 2020; 13: 261–71.
45. Dumesic DA, Abbot DH, Sanchita S, Chazenbalk GD. Endocrine-Metabolic Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Perspective. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res 2020; 12: 41-8.
46. Moran LJ, March WA, Witrow MJ, Giles LC, Davies MJ, Moor MV. Sleep disturbances in a community-based sample of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2015; 30: 466-42.
47. Hachul H, Polesel DN, Tock L, Carneiro G, Pereira AZ, Zanella MZ, et al. Sleep disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of obesity and hyperandrogenism. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2019; 65: 375-83.
48. Fernandez RC, Moore VM, Van Ryswyk EM, Varcoe TJ, Rodgers RJ, March WA, et al. Sleep disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence, pathophysiology, impact and management strategies. Nat Sci Sleep 2018; 10: 45–64.
49. Tasali E, Van Cauter E, Ehrmann DA. Relationships between sleep disordered breathing and glucose metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 36-42.
50. Sam S, Ehrmann DA. Pathogenesis and Consequences of Disordered Sleep in PCOS. Clin Med Insights Reprod Health 2019; 13: 1179558119871269.
51. Zangeneh FZ. Psychoneuroendocrinology Aspect of sleep pattern in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Annual Research & Review in Biology 2016; 10: 1-8.
52. Helvaci N, Karabulut E, Demir AU, Yildiz BO. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Endocr Connect 2017; 6: 437-45.
53. Yu K, Deng SL, Sun TC, Li YY, Liu XX. Melatonin regulates the synthesis of steroid hormones on male reproduction: a review. Molecules 2018; 23: 447.
54. Reiter RJ, Sharma R. Central and peripheral actions
of melatonin on reproduction in seasonal and continuous breeding mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300: 113620.
55. Tamura H, Nakamura Y, Korkmaz A, Manchester LC, Tan DX, Sugino N, et al. Melatonin and the ovary: physiological and pathophysiological implications. Fertil Steril 2009; 92: 328–43.
56. Jain P, Jain M, Haldar C, Singh TB, Jain S. Melatonin and its correlation with testosterone in polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Hum Reprod Sci 2013; 6: 253–8.
57. Zangeneh FZ, Naghizadeh MM, Abdollahi A, Bagheri M. Synchrony between Ovarian Function & Sleep in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014; 4: 725-31.
58. Spinedi E, Cardinali DP. The polycystic ovary syndrome and the metabolic syndrome: a possible chronobiotic–cytoprotective adjuvant therapy. Int
J Endocrinol 2018: 1349868.
59. Pacchiarotti A, Carlomagno G, Antonini G, Pacchiarotti A. Effect of myo-inositol and melatonin versus myo-inositol, in a randomized controlled trial, for improving in vitro fertilization of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32: 69–73.
60. Nakamura Y, Tamura H, Takayama H, Kato H. Increased endogenous level of melatonin in preovulatory human follicles does not directly influence progesterone production. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 1012–6.
61. Jamilian M, Foroozanfard F, Mirhosseini N, Kavossian E, Aghadavod E, Bahmani F, et al. Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Hormonal, Inflammatory, Genetic, and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10: 273.
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63. Fang L, Li Y, Wang S, Yu Y, Li Y, Guo Y, et al. Melatonin induces progesterone production in human granulosa-lutein cells through upregulation of StAR expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11: 9013–24.
64. Woo MM, Tai CJ, Kang SK, Nathwani PS, Pang SF, Leung PC. Direct action of melatonin in human granulosa-luteal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4789-97.
65. Brzezinski A, Seibel MM, Lynch HJ, Deng MH, Wurtman RJ. Melatonin in human preovulatory follicular fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 865-7.
66. Soares JM Jr, Masana MI, Erşahin Ç, Dubocovich ML: Functional melatonin receptors in rat ovaries at various stages of the estrous cycle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306: 694-702.
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2. Bring T, Hertz H, Rath MF. The Circadian Oscillator of the Cerebellum: Triiodothyronine Regulates Clock Gene Expression in Granule Cells in vitro and in the Cerebellum of Neonatal Rats in vivo. Front Physiol 2021; 12: 706433.
3. Kalsbeek A, van der Spek R, Lei J, Endert E, Buijs RM, Fliers E. Circadian rhythms in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349: 20-9.
4. Lamia KA, Storch KF, Weitz CJ. Physiological
significance of a peripheral tissue circadian clock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 15172–7.
5. Marcheva B, Ramsey KM, Buhr ED, Kobayashi Y, Su H, Ko CH, et al. Disruption of the clock components CLOCK and BMAL1 leads to hypoinsulinaemia and diabetes. Nature 2010; 466: 627–31.
6. Gachon F, Leuenberger N, Claudel T, Gos P, Jouffe C, Fleury Olela F, et al. Proline- and acidic amino acid-rich basic leucine zipper proteins modulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 4794–9.
7. Gachon F, Olela FF, Schaad O, Descombes P, Schibler U. The circadian PAR-domain basic leucine zipper transcription factors DBP, TEF, and HLF modulate basal and inducible xenobiotic detoxification. Cell Metab 2006; 4: 25–36.
8. Fahrenkrug J, Hannibal J, Georg B. Diurnal rhythmicity of the canonical clock genes Per1, Per2 and Bmal1 in the rat adrenal gland is unaltered after hypophysectomy. J. Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20: 323–9.
9. Mohawk JA, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35: 445-62.
10. Cho K, Ennaceur A, Cole JC, Suh CK. Chronic jet lag produces cognitive deficits. J Neurosci 2000; 20: RC66.
11. Oishi K, Amagai N, Shirai H, Kadota K, Ohkura N, Ishida N. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals 100 adrenal gland-dependent circadian genes in the mouse liver. DNA Res 2005; 12: 191–202.
12. Kiessling S, Eichele G, Oster H. Adrenal glucocorticoids have a key role in circadian resynchronization in a mouse model of jet lag. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 2600–9.
13. Bittman EL, Doherty L, Huang LY, Paroskie A. Period gene expression in mouse endocrine tissues. Am
J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285: R561–9.
14. Wilhelm I, Born J, Kudielka MB, Schlotz W, Wüst S. Is the cortisol awakening rise a response to awakening? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32: 358-66.
15. Edwards S, Clow A, Evans P, Hucklebridge F. Exploration of the awakening cortisol response in relation to diurnal cortisol secretory activity. Life Sci. 2001; 68: 2093-103.
16. Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Hohagen F. Sleep disturbances are correlated with decreased morning awakening salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29: 1184-91.
17. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF. The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3: 679-93.
18. Chung S, Son GH, Kim K. Circadian rhythm of adrenal
glucocorticoid: its regulation and clinical implication. Biochim BiophysActa 2011; 1812: 581–91.
19. Gallagher TF, Yoshida K, Roffwarg HD, Fukushima DK, Weitzman ED, Hellman L. ACTH and cortisol secretory patterns in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1973; 36: 1058-68.
20. Zubieta JK, Ketter TA, Bueller JA, Xu Y, Kilbourn MR, Young EA, et al. Regulation of human affective responses by anterior cingulate and limbic mu-opioid neurotransmission. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 1145-53.
21. Zangeneh FZ. Stress a female reproductive system: Disruption of corticotropin releasing hormone/opiate balance by sympathetic nerve traffic. Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 2009; 3: 69-76.
22. Grossman G, Besser GM. Opiates control ACTH through a noradrenergic mechanism. Clinical endocrinology (Oxford)1982: 17: 287-90.
23. Zangeneh FZ, Mohammadi A, Ejtemaeimehr S, Naghizadeh MM, Amini F. The role of opioid system and its interaction with sympathetic nervous system in the processing of polycystic ovary syndrome modeling in rat. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 885-92.
24. Manni L, Lundeberg T, HolmängA, Aloe L, Stener-Victorin E. Effect of electro-acupuncture on ovarian expression of alpha (1)- and beta (2)-adrenoceptors, and p75 neurotrophin receptors in rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovaries. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005; 3:21.
25. Pilozzi A, carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in stress, behavior, neuroinflammation, and brain energy metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020: 22: 338.
26. Hackney AC. Exercise as a stressor to the human neuroendocrine system. Medicina (Kaunas) 2006; 42: 788-97.
27. Ciani E, Haug TM, Maugars G, Weltzien F-A, Falcón J, Fontaine R. Effects of Melatonin on Anterior Pituitary Plasticity: A Comparison Between Mammals and Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;
11: 605111.
28. Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002; 295: 1070–3.
29. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Tamura H, Cruz MH, Fuentes-Broto L. Clinical relevance of melatonin in ovarian and placental physiology: a review. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30: 83–9.
30. Sakai K, Yamamoto Y, Ikeuchi T. Vertebrates originally possess four functional subtypes of G protein-coupled melatonin receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 9465.
31. Kohsaka A, Bass J. A sense of time: how molecular clocks organize metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007;18: 4–11.
32. Gobbi G, Comai S. Differential Function of Melatonin MT1 and MT2 Receptors in REM and NREM Sleep. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10: 87.
33. Brzezinski A, Vangel MG, Wurtman RJ, Norrie G, Zhdanova I, Ben-Shushan A, et al. Effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9: 41–50.
34. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. BMJ 2006; 332: 385–93.
35. Kaprara A, Huhtaniemi IT. The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: Tales of mice and men. Metabolism 2018; 86: 3–17.
36. Vivid D, Bentley GE. Seasonal Reproduction in Vertebrates: Melatonin Synthesis, Binding, and Functionality Using Tinbergen’s Four Questions. Molecules 2018; 23: 652.
37. Rai S, Ghosh H. Modulation of human ovarian function by melatonin. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2021; 13:140- 57.
38. Galano A, Medina ME, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and its metabolites as copper chelating agents and their role in inhibiting oxidative stress: a physicochemical analysis. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:107–16.
39. Morvaridzadeh M, Sadeghi E, Agah S, Nachvak SM, Fazelian S, Moradi F, et al. Effect of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161: 105210.
40. Galano A, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:1-16.
41. Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY. Melatonin, adolescence, and the brain: An insight into the period-specific influences of a multifunctional signaling molecule. Birth Defects Research 2017; 109:1659-71.
42. Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Maestroni GJ, Zisapel N, et al. Physiological effects of melatonin: Role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85: 335-53.
43. Mojaverrostami S, Asghari N, Khamisabadi M, Heidari Khoei H. The role of melatonin in polycystic ovary syndrome: A review. Int J Reprod Biomed 2019; 17: 865-82.
44. Deswal R, Narwal V, Dang A, Pundir CS. The Prevalence
of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Brief Systematic Review. J Hum Reprod Sci 2020; 13: 261–71.
45. Dumesic DA, Abbot DH, Sanchita S, Chazenbalk GD. Endocrine-Metabolic Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Perspective. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res 2020; 12: 41-8.
46. Moran LJ, March WA, Witrow MJ, Giles LC, Davies MJ, Moor MV. Sleep disturbances in a community-based sample of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2015; 30: 466-42.
47. Hachul H, Polesel DN, Tock L, Carneiro G, Pereira AZ, Zanella MZ, et al. Sleep disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome: influence of obesity and hyperandrogenism. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2019; 65: 375-83.
48. Fernandez RC, Moore VM, Van Ryswyk EM, Varcoe TJ, Rodgers RJ, March WA, et al. Sleep disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: prevalence, pathophysiology, impact and management strategies. Nat Sci Sleep 2018; 10: 45–64.
49. Tasali E, Van Cauter E, Ehrmann DA. Relationships between sleep disordered breathing and glucose metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 36-42.
50. Sam S, Ehrmann DA. Pathogenesis and Consequences of Disordered Sleep in PCOS. Clin Med Insights Reprod Health 2019; 13: 1179558119871269.
51. Zangeneh FZ. Psychoneuroendocrinology Aspect of sleep pattern in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Annual Research & Review in Biology 2016; 10: 1-8.
52. Helvaci N, Karabulut E, Demir AU, Yildiz BO. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Endocr Connect 2017; 6: 437-45.
53. Yu K, Deng SL, Sun TC, Li YY, Liu XX. Melatonin regulates the synthesis of steroid hormones on male reproduction: a review. Molecules 2018; 23: 447.
54. Reiter RJ, Sharma R. Central and peripheral actions
of melatonin on reproduction in seasonal and continuous breeding mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300: 113620.
55. Tamura H, Nakamura Y, Korkmaz A, Manchester LC, Tan DX, Sugino N, et al. Melatonin and the ovary: physiological and pathophysiological implications. Fertil Steril 2009; 92: 328–43.
56. Jain P, Jain M, Haldar C, Singh TB, Jain S. Melatonin and its correlation with testosterone in polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Hum Reprod Sci 2013; 6: 253–8.
57. Zangeneh FZ, Naghizadeh MM, Abdollahi A, Bagheri M. Synchrony between Ovarian Function & Sleep in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014; 4: 725-31.
58. Spinedi E, Cardinali DP. The polycystic ovary syndrome and the metabolic syndrome: a possible chronobiotic–cytoprotective adjuvant therapy. Int
J Endocrinol 2018: 1349868.
59. Pacchiarotti A, Carlomagno G, Antonini G, Pacchiarotti A. Effect of myo-inositol and melatonin versus myo-inositol, in a randomized controlled trial, for improving in vitro fertilization of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32: 69–73.
60. Nakamura Y, Tamura H, Takayama H, Kato H. Increased endogenous level of melatonin in preovulatory human follicles does not directly influence progesterone production. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 1012–6.
61. Jamilian M, Foroozanfard F, Mirhosseini N, Kavossian E, Aghadavod E, Bahmani F, et al. Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Hormonal, Inflammatory, Genetic, and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10: 273.
62. Wetterberg L, Arendt J, Paunier L, Sizonenko PC, Donselaar W, Heyden T. Human serum melatonin changes during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1976; 42: 185–8.
63. Fang L, Li Y, Wang S, Yu Y, Li Y, Guo Y, et al. Melatonin induces progesterone production in human granulosa-lutein cells through upregulation of StAR expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11: 9013–24.
64. Woo MM, Tai CJ, Kang SK, Nathwani PS, Pang SF, Leung PC. Direct action of melatonin in human granulosa-luteal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4789-97.
65. Brzezinski A, Seibel MM, Lynch HJ, Deng MH, Wurtman RJ. Melatonin in human preovulatory follicular fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 865-7.
66. Soares JM Jr, Masana MI, Erşahin Ç, Dubocovich ML: Functional melatonin receptors in rat ovaries at various stages of the estrous cycle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306: 694-702.
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J Pineal Res 2008; 44: 88-94.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16, No 4 (December 2022) | |
| Section | Review Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v16i4.11348 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Circadian Rhythms Melatonin Sleep-Wake Architecture Sleep Quality Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Zangeneh F. Deregulated Brain’s Central Clock Management on Sleep-Wake Behavior in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Melatonin & Sleep Pattern. J Family Reprod Health. 2022;16(4):229-238.
