Impact of Triclosan on Female and Male Reproductive System and Its Consequences on Fertility: A Literature Review
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Abstract
Objective: Triclosan is an aromatic organic compound with antibacterial and fungicidal properties, most often used in soaps, toothpaste and other cosmetics. The study aimed to analyze the influence of triclosan on the female and male reproductive systems and the consequences on fertility.
Materials and methods: A review of the latest literature derived from PubMed and Google Scholar platforms has been made. After following the search strategy, applying inclusion criteria and analysis of the obtained results assessed by two independent analysts, 45 studies were included in the review.
Results: Due to the similar structure of triclosan (TCS) to anthropogenic estrogens, TCS can interact with hormone receptors, affect hormone balance, and influence reproductive health and carcinogenesis. It has been noted that TCS might affect luteal cell progesterone production and disrupt ovarian function. Prenatal exposure to the chemical can have an impact on the reproductive system of newborns. TCS might be a risk factor for endometrial physiology and impair reproduction. TCS negatively affects the male reproductive system via interrupting steroidogenesis mediated miRNA (micro-ribonucleic acid) pathways. Negative effects of TCS on early development and embryogenesis in animals were evidenced. Moreover, TCS has the potential to promote carcinogenesis in human breast, ovarian, and prostate cells.
Conclusion: Potential impact of TCS on the reproductive system raises concern about its safety, due to its similar structure to anthropogenic estrogens and detection in the environment. TCS-induced disruption of hormone levels in the female and male reproductive systems may be the cause of impaired reproductive health, resulting in subfertility. Further investigations are required to evaluate the mechanisms and effect of TCS on human reproductive health.
1. Chigrinets SV, Bryuhin GV, Zavyalov SN. Characterization of sperm of white rats at exposure of bisphenol A and triclosan. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 168: 753-6.
2. Hipwell AE, Kahn LG, Factor-Litvak P, Porucznik CA, Siegel EL, Fichorova RN, et al. Exposure to non-persistent chemicals in consumer products and fecundability: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2019; 25: 51-71.
3. Aoun A, Khoury VE, Malakieh R. Can Nutrition Help in the Treatment of Infertility? Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26: 109-20.
4. Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Wielgomas B, Kałużny P, Klimowska A, Radwan P, et al. Environmental levels of triclosan and male fertility. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25: 5484-90.
5. Nassan FL, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Williams PL, Dadd R, Petrozza JC, Ford JB, et al. Urinary triclosan concentrations and semen quality among men from a fertility clinic. Environ Res 2019; 177: 108633.
6. De Marchi L, Freitas R, Oliva M, Cuccaro A, Manzini C, Tardelli F, et al. Does salinity variation increase synergistic effects of triclosan and carbon nanotubes on Mytilus galloprovincialis? Responses on adult tissues and sperms. Sci Total Environ 2020; 734: 138837.
7. Park HJ, Song BS, Kim JW, Yang SG, Kim SU, Koo DB. Exposure of triclosan in porcine oocyte leads to superoxide production and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis during in vitro maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 3050.
8. Duan P, Huang X, Ha M, Li L, Liu C. miR-142-5p/DAX1-dependent regulation of P450c17 contributes to triclosan-mediated testosterone suppression. Sci Total Environ 2020; 717: 137280.
9. Ha M, Zhang P, Li L, Liu C. Triclosan suppresses testicular steroidogenesis via the miR-6321/JNK/ Nur77 Cascade. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 50: 2029-45.
10. Rehman S, Usman Z, Rehman S, AlDraihem M, Rehman N, Rehman I, et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and impact on male reproductive health. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7: 490-503.
11. Wang F, Zheng F, Liu F. Effects of triclosan on antioxidant- and apoptosis-related genes expression in the gill and ovary of zebrafish. Exp Anim 2020; 69: 199-206.
12. Du Y, Wang B, Cai Z, Zhang H, Wang B, Liang W, et al. The triclosan-induced shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism link to increased steroidogenesis in human ovarian granulosa cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 220: 112389.
13. Jurewicz J, Wielgomas B, Radwan M, Karwacka A, Klimowska A, Dziewirska E, et al. Triclosan exposure and ovarian reserve. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89: 168-72.
14. Mínguez-Alarcón L, Christou G, Messerlian C, Williams PL, Carignan CC, Souter I, et al. Urinary triclosan concentrations and diminished ovarian reserve among women undergoing treatment in a fertility clinic. Fertil Steril 2017; 108: 312-9.
15. Ye J, Zhu W, Liu H, Mao Y, Jin F, Zhang J. Environmental exposure to triclosan and polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-sectional study in China. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e019707.
16. Arya S, Dwivedi AK, Alvarado L, Kupesic-Plavsic S. Exposure of U.S. population to endocrine disruptive chemicals (Parabens, Benzophenone-3, Bisphenol-A and Triclosan) and their associations with female infertility. Environ Pollut 2020; 265: 114763.
17. Cao XY, Hua X, Xiong JW, Zhu WT, Zhang J, Chen L. Impact of triclosan on female reproduction through reducing thyroid hormones to suppress hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11: 6.
18. Rattan S, Zhou C, Chiang C, Mahalingam S, Brehm E, Flaws JA. Exposure to endocrine disruptors during adulthood: consequences for female fertility.J Endocrinol 2017; 233: R109-R29.
19. Zhu W, Zhou W, Huo X, Zhao S, Gan Y, Wang B, et al. Triclosan and female reproductive health: a preconceptional cohort study. Epidemiology 2019; 30 Suppl 1: S24-S31.
20. Forte M, Mita L, Cobellis L, Merafina V, Specchio R, Rossi S, et al. Triclosan and bisphenol a affect decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422: 74-83.
21. Hwang J, Suh SS, Park M, Park SY, Lee S, Lee TK. Differential gene expression patterns during embryonic development of sea urchin exposed to triclosan. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32: 426-33.
22. Priyanka, Trivedi A, Maske P, Mote C, Dighe V. Gestational and lactational exposure to triclosan causes impaired fertility of F1 male offspring and developmental defects in F2 generation. Environ Pollut 2020; 257: 113617.
23. Caserta D, Costanzi F, De Marco MP, Di Benedetto L, Matteucci E, Assorgi C, et al. Effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation: A systematic review of 34 mouse model studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 6840.
24. Wang X, Chen X, Feng X, Chang F, Chen M, Xia Y, et al. Triclosan causes spontaneous abortion accompanied by decline of estrogen sulfotransferase activity in humans and mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 18252.
25. Wang C, Chen L, Zhao S, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Gao Y, et al. Impacts of prenatal triclosan exposure on fetal reproductive hormones and its potential mechanism. Environ Int 2018; 111: 279-86.
26. Guo J, Wu C, Zhang J, Li W, Lv S, Lu D, et al. Prenatal exposure to multiple phenolic compounds, fetal reproductive hormones, and the second to fourth digit ratio of children aged 10 years in a prospective birth cohort. Chemosphere 2021; 263: 127877.
27. Harley KG, Berger KP, Kogut K, Parra K, Lustig RH, Greenspan LC, et al. Association of phthalates, parabens and phenols found in personal care products with pubertal timing in girls and boys. Hum Reprod 2019; 34: 109- 17.
28. Mínguez-Alarcón L, Gaskins AJ. Female exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fecundity: a review. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2017; 29: 202-11.
29. Smarr MM, Honda M, Kannan K, Chen Z, Kim S, Louis GMB. Male urinary biomarkers of antimicrobial exposure and bi-directional associations with semen quality parameters. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 77: 103-8.
30. Vélez MP, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD. Female exposure to phenols and phthalates and time to pregnancy: the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study. Fertil Steril. 2015; 103(4): 1011-1020.e2.
31. Lange A, Carignan CC, Minguez-Alarcon L, Williams P, Calafat AM, Toth TL, et al. Triclosan exposure and treatment outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 2015; 104(3): e86.
32. Hua R, Zhou Y, Wu B, Huang Z, Zhu Y, Song Y, et al. Urinary triclosan concentrations and early outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Reproduction 2017; 153: 319-25.
33. Radwan P, Wielgomas B, Radwan M, Krasiński R, Klimowska A, Zajdel R, et al. Triclosan exposure and in vitro fertilization treatment outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28: 12993-9.
34. Yu J, Wu Y, Li H, Zhou H, Shen C, Gao T, et al. BMI1 drives steroidogenesis through epigenetically repressing the p38 MAPK pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9: 665089.
35. Forgacs AL, Ding Q, Jaremba RG, Huhtaniemi IT, Rahman NA, Zacharewski TR. Bltk1 murine leydig cells: a novel steroidogenic model for evaluating the effects of reproductive and developmental toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127: 391–402.
36. Yawer A, Sychrová E, Labohá P, Raška J, Jambor T, Babica P, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals rapidly affect intercellular signaling in Leydig cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 404: 115177.
37. Abdel-Moneim A, Deegan D, Gao J, De Perre C, Doucette JS, Jenkinson B, et al. Gonadal intersex in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu from northern Indiana with correlations to molecular biomarkers and anthropogenic chemicals. Environ Pollut 2017; 230: 1099-107.
38. Wang F, Liu F, Chen W, Xu R, Wang W. Effects of triclosan (TCS) on hormonal balance and genes of hypothalamus-pituitary- gonad axis of juvenile male Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere 2018; 193: 695-701.
39. Pollock T, Arbuckle TE, Guth M, Bouchard MF, St-Amand A. Associations among urinary triclosan and bisphenol A concentrations and serum sex steroid hormone measures in the Canadian and U.S. Populations. Environ Int 2021; 146: 106229.
40. Pernoncini KV, Montagnini BG, de Góes MLM, Garcia PC, Gerardin DCC. Evaluation of reproductive toxicity in rats treated with triclosan. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 75: 65-72.
41. Chigrinets SV, Bryuhin GV. Risk of pathoosophermia in men with joint exposure to endocrine disruptors. Urologiia 2019; 31: 83-6.
42. Lee HM, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Diverse pathways of epithelial mesenchymal transition related with cancer progression and metastasis and potential effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on epithelial mesenchymal transition process. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457: 103-13.
43. Derouiche S, Mariot P, Warnier M, Vancauwenberghe E, Bidaux G, Gosset P, et al. Activation of TRPA1 channel by antibacterial agent triclosan induces VEGF secretion in human prostate cancer stromal cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10: 177-87.
44. Riad MA, Abd-Rabo MM, Abd El Aziz SA, El Behairy AM, Badawy MM. Reproductive toxic impact of subchronic treatment with combined butylparaben and triclosan in weanling male rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32: e22037.
45. Raj S, Singh SS, Singh SP, Singh P. Evaluation of Triclosan-induced reproductive impairments in the accessory reproductive organs and sperm indices in the mice. Acta Histochem 2021; 123: 151744.
2. Hipwell AE, Kahn LG, Factor-Litvak P, Porucznik CA, Siegel EL, Fichorova RN, et al. Exposure to non-persistent chemicals in consumer products and fecundability: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2019; 25: 51-71.
3. Aoun A, Khoury VE, Malakieh R. Can Nutrition Help in the Treatment of Infertility? Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26: 109-20.
4. Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Wielgomas B, Kałużny P, Klimowska A, Radwan P, et al. Environmental levels of triclosan and male fertility. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25: 5484-90.
5. Nassan FL, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Williams PL, Dadd R, Petrozza JC, Ford JB, et al. Urinary triclosan concentrations and semen quality among men from a fertility clinic. Environ Res 2019; 177: 108633.
6. De Marchi L, Freitas R, Oliva M, Cuccaro A, Manzini C, Tardelli F, et al. Does salinity variation increase synergistic effects of triclosan and carbon nanotubes on Mytilus galloprovincialis? Responses on adult tissues and sperms. Sci Total Environ 2020; 734: 138837.
7. Park HJ, Song BS, Kim JW, Yang SG, Kim SU, Koo DB. Exposure of triclosan in porcine oocyte leads to superoxide production and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis during in vitro maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 3050.
8. Duan P, Huang X, Ha M, Li L, Liu C. miR-142-5p/DAX1-dependent regulation of P450c17 contributes to triclosan-mediated testosterone suppression. Sci Total Environ 2020; 717: 137280.
9. Ha M, Zhang P, Li L, Liu C. Triclosan suppresses testicular steroidogenesis via the miR-6321/JNK/ Nur77 Cascade. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 50: 2029-45.
10. Rehman S, Usman Z, Rehman S, AlDraihem M, Rehman N, Rehman I, et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and impact on male reproductive health. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7: 490-503.
11. Wang F, Zheng F, Liu F. Effects of triclosan on antioxidant- and apoptosis-related genes expression in the gill and ovary of zebrafish. Exp Anim 2020; 69: 199-206.
12. Du Y, Wang B, Cai Z, Zhang H, Wang B, Liang W, et al. The triclosan-induced shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism link to increased steroidogenesis in human ovarian granulosa cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 220: 112389.
13. Jurewicz J, Wielgomas B, Radwan M, Karwacka A, Klimowska A, Dziewirska E, et al. Triclosan exposure and ovarian reserve. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89: 168-72.
14. Mínguez-Alarcón L, Christou G, Messerlian C, Williams PL, Carignan CC, Souter I, et al. Urinary triclosan concentrations and diminished ovarian reserve among women undergoing treatment in a fertility clinic. Fertil Steril 2017; 108: 312-9.
15. Ye J, Zhu W, Liu H, Mao Y, Jin F, Zhang J. Environmental exposure to triclosan and polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-sectional study in China. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e019707.
16. Arya S, Dwivedi AK, Alvarado L, Kupesic-Plavsic S. Exposure of U.S. population to endocrine disruptive chemicals (Parabens, Benzophenone-3, Bisphenol-A and Triclosan) and their associations with female infertility. Environ Pollut 2020; 265: 114763.
17. Cao XY, Hua X, Xiong JW, Zhu WT, Zhang J, Chen L. Impact of triclosan on female reproduction through reducing thyroid hormones to suppress hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11: 6.
18. Rattan S, Zhou C, Chiang C, Mahalingam S, Brehm E, Flaws JA. Exposure to endocrine disruptors during adulthood: consequences for female fertility.J Endocrinol 2017; 233: R109-R29.
19. Zhu W, Zhou W, Huo X, Zhao S, Gan Y, Wang B, et al. Triclosan and female reproductive health: a preconceptional cohort study. Epidemiology 2019; 30 Suppl 1: S24-S31.
20. Forte M, Mita L, Cobellis L, Merafina V, Specchio R, Rossi S, et al. Triclosan and bisphenol a affect decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422: 74-83.
21. Hwang J, Suh SS, Park M, Park SY, Lee S, Lee TK. Differential gene expression patterns during embryonic development of sea urchin exposed to triclosan. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32: 426-33.
22. Priyanka, Trivedi A, Maske P, Mote C, Dighe V. Gestational and lactational exposure to triclosan causes impaired fertility of F1 male offspring and developmental defects in F2 generation. Environ Pollut 2020; 257: 113617.
23. Caserta D, Costanzi F, De Marco MP, Di Benedetto L, Matteucci E, Assorgi C, et al. Effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation: A systematic review of 34 mouse model studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 6840.
24. Wang X, Chen X, Feng X, Chang F, Chen M, Xia Y, et al. Triclosan causes spontaneous abortion accompanied by decline of estrogen sulfotransferase activity in humans and mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 18252.
25. Wang C, Chen L, Zhao S, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Gao Y, et al. Impacts of prenatal triclosan exposure on fetal reproductive hormones and its potential mechanism. Environ Int 2018; 111: 279-86.
26. Guo J, Wu C, Zhang J, Li W, Lv S, Lu D, et al. Prenatal exposure to multiple phenolic compounds, fetal reproductive hormones, and the second to fourth digit ratio of children aged 10 years in a prospective birth cohort. Chemosphere 2021; 263: 127877.
27. Harley KG, Berger KP, Kogut K, Parra K, Lustig RH, Greenspan LC, et al. Association of phthalates, parabens and phenols found in personal care products with pubertal timing in girls and boys. Hum Reprod 2019; 34: 109- 17.
28. Mínguez-Alarcón L, Gaskins AJ. Female exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fecundity: a review. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2017; 29: 202-11.
29. Smarr MM, Honda M, Kannan K, Chen Z, Kim S, Louis GMB. Male urinary biomarkers of antimicrobial exposure and bi-directional associations with semen quality parameters. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 77: 103-8.
30. Vélez MP, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD. Female exposure to phenols and phthalates and time to pregnancy: the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study. Fertil Steril. 2015; 103(4): 1011-1020.e2.
31. Lange A, Carignan CC, Minguez-Alarcon L, Williams P, Calafat AM, Toth TL, et al. Triclosan exposure and treatment outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 2015; 104(3): e86.
32. Hua R, Zhou Y, Wu B, Huang Z, Zhu Y, Song Y, et al. Urinary triclosan concentrations and early outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Reproduction 2017; 153: 319-25.
33. Radwan P, Wielgomas B, Radwan M, Krasiński R, Klimowska A, Zajdel R, et al. Triclosan exposure and in vitro fertilization treatment outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28: 12993-9.
34. Yu J, Wu Y, Li H, Zhou H, Shen C, Gao T, et al. BMI1 drives steroidogenesis through epigenetically repressing the p38 MAPK pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9: 665089.
35. Forgacs AL, Ding Q, Jaremba RG, Huhtaniemi IT, Rahman NA, Zacharewski TR. Bltk1 murine leydig cells: a novel steroidogenic model for evaluating the effects of reproductive and developmental toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127: 391–402.
36. Yawer A, Sychrová E, Labohá P, Raška J, Jambor T, Babica P, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals rapidly affect intercellular signaling in Leydig cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 404: 115177.
37. Abdel-Moneim A, Deegan D, Gao J, De Perre C, Doucette JS, Jenkinson B, et al. Gonadal intersex in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu from northern Indiana with correlations to molecular biomarkers and anthropogenic chemicals. Environ Pollut 2017; 230: 1099-107.
38. Wang F, Liu F, Chen W, Xu R, Wang W. Effects of triclosan (TCS) on hormonal balance and genes of hypothalamus-pituitary- gonad axis of juvenile male Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere 2018; 193: 695-701.
39. Pollock T, Arbuckle TE, Guth M, Bouchard MF, St-Amand A. Associations among urinary triclosan and bisphenol A concentrations and serum sex steroid hormone measures in the Canadian and U.S. Populations. Environ Int 2021; 146: 106229.
40. Pernoncini KV, Montagnini BG, de Góes MLM, Garcia PC, Gerardin DCC. Evaluation of reproductive toxicity in rats treated with triclosan. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 75: 65-72.
41. Chigrinets SV, Bryuhin GV. Risk of pathoosophermia in men with joint exposure to endocrine disruptors. Urologiia 2019; 31: 83-6.
42. Lee HM, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Diverse pathways of epithelial mesenchymal transition related with cancer progression and metastasis and potential effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on epithelial mesenchymal transition process. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457: 103-13.
43. Derouiche S, Mariot P, Warnier M, Vancauwenberghe E, Bidaux G, Gosset P, et al. Activation of TRPA1 channel by antibacterial agent triclosan induces VEGF secretion in human prostate cancer stromal cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10: 177-87.
44. Riad MA, Abd-Rabo MM, Abd El Aziz SA, El Behairy AM, Badawy MM. Reproductive toxic impact of subchronic treatment with combined butylparaben and triclosan in weanling male rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32: e22037.
45. Raj S, Singh SS, Singh SP, Singh P. Evaluation of Triclosan-induced reproductive impairments in the accessory reproductive organs and sperm indices in the mice. Acta Histochem 2021; 123: 151744.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16, No 1 (March 2022) | |
| Section | Review Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v16i1.8592 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Triclosan Endocrine Disruptors Genitalia Reproductive Health | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Maksymowicz M, Ręka G, Machowiec P, Piecewicz-Szczęsna H. Impact of Triclosan on Female and Male Reproductive System and Its Consequences on Fertility: A Literature Review. J Family Reprod Health. 2022;16(1):33-42.
