The Effect of Mobile Radiation on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Pregnant Mice
Abstract
Objective: Due to the growing use of communication instruments such as cell phones and wireless devices, there is growing public concern about possible harmful effects, especially in sensitive groups such as pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress induced by exposure to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation and the effect of vitamin C intake on reducing possible changes in pregnant mice.
Materials and methods: Twenty-one pregnant mice were divided into three groups (control, mobile radiation-exposed, and mobile radiation plus with vitamin C intake co-exposed (200 mg /kg)). The mice in exposure groups were exposed to 900 MHz, 2 watts, and a power density of 0.045 μw /cm2 mobile radiation for eight hours/day for ten consecutive days. After five days of rest, MDA (Malondialdehyde), 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine), and TAC (Total Antioxidant Capacity) levels were measured in the blood of animals. The results were analyzed by SPSS.22.0 software.
Results: The results showed that exposure to mobile radiation increased MDA (P=0.002), and 8-OHdG (P=0.001) significantly and decreased Total Antioxidant Capacity in the exposed groups (P=0.001). Taking vitamin C inhibited the significant increase in MDA and 8-OHdG levels in exposed groups.
Conclusion: Although exposure to mobile radiation can cause oxidative stress in the blood of pregnant mice, vitamin C as an antioxidant can prevent it.
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3. Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 624-6.
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8. Guney M, Ozguner F, Oral B, Karahan N, Mungan T. 900 MHz radiofrequency-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative stress in rat endometrium: protection by vitamins E and C. Toxicol Ind Health 2007; 23: 411-20.
9. Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014; 2014: 360438.
10. Kubo N, Morita M, Nakashima Y, Kitao H, Egashira
A, Saeki H et al. Oxidative DNA damage in human esophageal cancer: clinicopathological analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and its repair enzyme, Dis Esophagus 2014, 27: 285–93.
11. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int
J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39: 44-84.
12. Stancliffe RA, Thorpe T, Zemel MB. Dairy attentuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 422-30.
13. Kim D, Han A, Park Y. Association of Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity with Bone Mass and Osteoporosis Risk in Korean Women: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. Nutrients 2021; 13: 1149.
14. Ozgur E, Güler G, Seyhan N. Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical damage in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and epigallocatechin-gallate. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86: 935-45.
15. Oral B, Guney M, Demirin H, Ozguner M, Giray SG, Take G et al. Endometrial damage and apoptosis in rats induced by dichlorvos and ameliorating effect of antioxidant vitamins E and C. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22: 783-90.
16. Duhig K, Chappell LC, Shennan AH. Oxidative stress in pregnancy and reproduction. Obstet Med 2016; 9: 113-6.
17. Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Ramiro-Cortijo D, Reyes-Hernández CG, Lopez de Pablo AL, González MC, Arribas SM. Implication of oxidative stress in fetal programming of cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9: 602.
18. Chen LW, Aubert AM, Shivappa N, Bernard JY, Mensink-Bout SM, Geraghty AA, et al. Maternal dietary quality, inflammatory potential and childhood adiposity: an individual participant data pooled analysis of seven European cohorts in the ALPHABET consortium. BMC Med 2021; 19: 33.
19. Keats EC, Salam RA, Charbonneau KD, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin status in pregnancy and newborns. In: Molecular Nutrition: Mother and Infant: Elsevier 2021: 107-33.
20. Sartorelli DS, Carvalho MR, da Silva Santos I, Crivellenti LC, Souza JP, Franco LJ. Dietary total antioxidant capacity during pregnancy and birth outcomes. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60: 357-67.
21. Jang W, Kim H, Lee B-E, Chang N. Maternal fruit and vegetable or vitamin C consumption during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth and infant growth up to 6 months: results from the Korean Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) cohort study. Nutr J 2018; 17: 105.
22. Jelodar G, Akbari A, Nazifi S. The prophylactic effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress indexes following exposure to radio frequency wave generated by a BTS antenna model in rat liver and kidney Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89: 128-31.
23. Jelodar G, Nazifi S, Akbari A. The prophylactic effect of vitamin C on induced oxidative stress in rat testis following exposure to 900 MHz radio frequency wave generated by a BTS antenna model. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32: 409-16.
24. Liu C, Zhong C, Chen R, Zhou X, Wu J, Han J et al. Higher dietary vitamin C intake is associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal cohort study. Clin Nutr 2020; 39: 198-203.
25. Mutter WP, Karumanchi SA. Molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia. Microvasc Res 2008; 75: 1-8.
26. Arogbokun O, Rosen E, Keil AP, Milne GL, Barrett E, Nguyen R et al. Maternal oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnancy and child growth from birth to age 6.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106: 1427-36.
27. Lai H, Singh NP. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 1996; 69: 513-21.
28. Nakamura H, Matsuzaki I, Hatta K, Nobukuni Y, Kambayashi Y, Ogino K. Nonthermal effects of mobile-phone frequency microwaves on uteroplacental functions in pregnant rats. Reprod Toxicol 2003; 17: 321-6.
29. Fragopoulou AF, Koussoulakos SL, Margaritis LH. Cranial and postcranial skeletal variations induced in mouse embryos by mobile phone radiation. Pathophysiology 2010; 17: 169-77.
30. Scarfì MR, Fresegna AM, Villani P, Pinto R, Marino C, Sarti M, et al. Exposure to radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz, GSM signal) does not affect micronucleus frequency and cell proliferation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: an interlaboratory study. Radiat Res 2006; 165: 655-63.
31. Falzone N, Huyser C, Franken DR, Leszczynski D. Mobile phone radiation does not induce pro-apoptosis effects in human spermatozoa. Radiat Res 2010; 174: 169-76.
32. Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Karabulut D, Caner Y, Adalier N. Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats? J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75: 116-22.
33. Kim TH, Huang TQ, Jang JJ, Kim MH, Kim HJ, Lee JS, et al. Local exposure of 849 MHz and 1763 MHz radiofrequency radiation to mouse heads does not induce cell death or cell proliferation in brain. Exp Mol
Med 2008; 40: 294-303.
34. Gürler HŞ, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. Increased DNA oxidation (8-OHdG) and protein oxidation (AOPP) by low level electromagnetic field (2.45 GHz) in rat brain and protective effect of garlic. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90: 892-6.
35. Liu C, Duan W, Xu S, Chen C, He M, Zhang L, et al. Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation induces oxidative DNA base damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218: 2-9.
36. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31: 67-74.
37. Zosangzuali M, Lalremruati M, Lalmuansangi C, Nghakliana F, Pachuau L, Bandara P et al. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from a mobile phone base station on the redox homeostasis in different organs of Swiss albino mice. Electromagn Biol Med 2021: 40:393-407.
38. Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis C. 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): a critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2009; 27: 120-39.
39. Kesari KK, Behari J, Kumar S. Mutagenic response of 2.45 GHz radiation exposure on rat brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86: 334-43.
40. Ibrahim N, Gharib O. The protective effect of antioxidants on oxidative stress in rats exposed to the 950 MHz electromagnetic field. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Science 2010; 3: 1143-55.
41. Lee J, Koo N, Min DB. Reactive oxygen species, aging, and antioxidative nutraceuticals. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety 2004; 3: 21-33.
42. Alchalabi ASH, Rahim H, Aklilu E, Al-Sultan II, Aziz AR, Malek MF, et al. Histopathological changes associated with oxidative stress induced by electromagnetic waves in rats' ovarian and uterine tissues. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2016; 5: 301-10.
43. Zielińska MA, Wesołowska A, Pawlus B, Hamułka J. Health effects of carotenoids during pregnancy and lactation. Nutrients 2017; 9: 838.
2. Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O, Kyrylenko S. Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 35: 186-202.
3. Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 624-6.
4. Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Kyrylenko S, Henshel D, Yakymenko I. GSM 900 MHz microwave radiation affects embryo development of Japanese quails. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31: 75-86.
5. Panagopoulos DJ, Chavdoula ED, Nezis IP, Margaritis LH. Cell death induced by GSM 900-MHz and DCS 1800-MHz mobile telephony radiation. Mutat Res 2007; 626: 69-78.
6. Sokolovic D, Djindjic B, Nikolic J, Bjelakovic G, Pavlovic D, Kocic G et al. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure of microwave radiation from mobile phones in rat brain. J Radiat Res 2008; 49: 579-86.
7. Meral I, Mert H, Mert N, Deger Y, Yoruk I, Yetkin A, et al. Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res 2007; 1169: 120-4.
8. Guney M, Ozguner F, Oral B, Karahan N, Mungan T. 900 MHz radiofrequency-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative stress in rat endometrium: protection by vitamins E and C. Toxicol Ind Health 2007; 23: 411-20.
9. Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014; 2014: 360438.
10. Kubo N, Morita M, Nakashima Y, Kitao H, Egashira
A, Saeki H et al. Oxidative DNA damage in human esophageal cancer: clinicopathological analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and its repair enzyme, Dis Esophagus 2014, 27: 285–93.
11. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int
J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39: 44-84.
12. Stancliffe RA, Thorpe T, Zemel MB. Dairy attentuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 422-30.
13. Kim D, Han A, Park Y. Association of Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity with Bone Mass and Osteoporosis Risk in Korean Women: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011. Nutrients 2021; 13: 1149.
14. Ozgur E, Güler G, Seyhan N. Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical damage in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and epigallocatechin-gallate. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86: 935-45.
15. Oral B, Guney M, Demirin H, Ozguner M, Giray SG, Take G et al. Endometrial damage and apoptosis in rats induced by dichlorvos and ameliorating effect of antioxidant vitamins E and C. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22: 783-90.
16. Duhig K, Chappell LC, Shennan AH. Oxidative stress in pregnancy and reproduction. Obstet Med 2016; 9: 113-6.
17. Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Ramiro-Cortijo D, Reyes-Hernández CG, Lopez de Pablo AL, González MC, Arribas SM. Implication of oxidative stress in fetal programming of cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2018; 9: 602.
18. Chen LW, Aubert AM, Shivappa N, Bernard JY, Mensink-Bout SM, Geraghty AA, et al. Maternal dietary quality, inflammatory potential and childhood adiposity: an individual participant data pooled analysis of seven European cohorts in the ALPHABET consortium. BMC Med 2021; 19: 33.
19. Keats EC, Salam RA, Charbonneau KD, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin status in pregnancy and newborns. In: Molecular Nutrition: Mother and Infant: Elsevier 2021: 107-33.
20. Sartorelli DS, Carvalho MR, da Silva Santos I, Crivellenti LC, Souza JP, Franco LJ. Dietary total antioxidant capacity during pregnancy and birth outcomes. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60: 357-67.
21. Jang W, Kim H, Lee B-E, Chang N. Maternal fruit and vegetable or vitamin C consumption during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth and infant growth up to 6 months: results from the Korean Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) cohort study. Nutr J 2018; 17: 105.
22. Jelodar G, Akbari A, Nazifi S. The prophylactic effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress indexes following exposure to radio frequency wave generated by a BTS antenna model in rat liver and kidney Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89: 128-31.
23. Jelodar G, Nazifi S, Akbari A. The prophylactic effect of vitamin C on induced oxidative stress in rat testis following exposure to 900 MHz radio frequency wave generated by a BTS antenna model. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32: 409-16.
24. Liu C, Zhong C, Chen R, Zhou X, Wu J, Han J et al. Higher dietary vitamin C intake is associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal cohort study. Clin Nutr 2020; 39: 198-203.
25. Mutter WP, Karumanchi SA. Molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia. Microvasc Res 2008; 75: 1-8.
26. Arogbokun O, Rosen E, Keil AP, Milne GL, Barrett E, Nguyen R et al. Maternal oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnancy and child growth from birth to age 6.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106: 1427-36.
27. Lai H, Singh NP. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 1996; 69: 513-21.
28. Nakamura H, Matsuzaki I, Hatta K, Nobukuni Y, Kambayashi Y, Ogino K. Nonthermal effects of mobile-phone frequency microwaves on uteroplacental functions in pregnant rats. Reprod Toxicol 2003; 17: 321-6.
29. Fragopoulou AF, Koussoulakos SL, Margaritis LH. Cranial and postcranial skeletal variations induced in mouse embryos by mobile phone radiation. Pathophysiology 2010; 17: 169-77.
30. Scarfì MR, Fresegna AM, Villani P, Pinto R, Marino C, Sarti M, et al. Exposure to radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz, GSM signal) does not affect micronucleus frequency and cell proliferation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: an interlaboratory study. Radiat Res 2006; 165: 655-63.
31. Falzone N, Huyser C, Franken DR, Leszczynski D. Mobile phone radiation does not induce pro-apoptosis effects in human spermatozoa. Radiat Res 2010; 174: 169-76.
32. Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Karabulut D, Caner Y, Adalier N. Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats? J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75: 116-22.
33. Kim TH, Huang TQ, Jang JJ, Kim MH, Kim HJ, Lee JS, et al. Local exposure of 849 MHz and 1763 MHz radiofrequency radiation to mouse heads does not induce cell death or cell proliferation in brain. Exp Mol
Med 2008; 40: 294-303.
34. Gürler HŞ, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. Increased DNA oxidation (8-OHdG) and protein oxidation (AOPP) by low level electromagnetic field (2.45 GHz) in rat brain and protective effect of garlic. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90: 892-6.
35. Liu C, Duan W, Xu S, Chen C, He M, Zhang L, et al. Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation induces oxidative DNA base damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218: 2-9.
36. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31: 67-74.
37. Zosangzuali M, Lalremruati M, Lalmuansangi C, Nghakliana F, Pachuau L, Bandara P et al. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from a mobile phone base station on the redox homeostasis in different organs of Swiss albino mice. Electromagn Biol Med 2021: 40:393-407.
38. Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis C. 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): a critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2009; 27: 120-39.
39. Kesari KK, Behari J, Kumar S. Mutagenic response of 2.45 GHz radiation exposure on rat brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86: 334-43.
40. Ibrahim N, Gharib O. The protective effect of antioxidants on oxidative stress in rats exposed to the 950 MHz electromagnetic field. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Science 2010; 3: 1143-55.
41. Lee J, Koo N, Min DB. Reactive oxygen species, aging, and antioxidative nutraceuticals. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety 2004; 3: 21-33.
42. Alchalabi ASH, Rahim H, Aklilu E, Al-Sultan II, Aziz AR, Malek MF, et al. Histopathological changes associated with oxidative stress induced by electromagnetic waves in rats' ovarian and uterine tissues. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2016; 5: 301-10.
43. Zielińska MA, Wesołowska A, Pawlus B, Hamułka J. Health effects of carotenoids during pregnancy and lactation. Nutrients 2017; 9: 838.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 15, No 3 (September 2021) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v15i3.7134 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Radio Waves Pregnancy Outcome Oxidative Stress Ascorbic Acid | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Moghadasi N, Alimohammadi I, Safari Variani A, Ashtarinezhad A. The Effect of Mobile Radiation on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Pregnant Mice. J Family Reprod Health. 2021;15(3):172-178.
