Evaluation of Zinc Supplementation Effect on Fetal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Lower-than-Median Serum Zinc Concentration
-
Mansoureh Norrozi
,
Sedigheh Borna
,
Parichehr Hanachi
,
Soghrat Faghihzadeh
,
Fedyeh Haghollahi
,
Shokoufeh Golkhou
Abstract
Objective: Zinc is the second main element in the body after iron. Its importance in pregnancy is related to role in DNA and protein synthesis and consequently the necessity of its availability for the appropriate growth and development of the fetus and neonate. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of zinc supplement on fetal outcomes (height, weight, head and chest circumference of the fetus, low birth weight, and pre-term birth) in pregnant women with lower-than-median serum zinc.
Materials and methods: Participants of this experimental double-blind clinical trial study were 263 healthy singleton pregnant women with a mean age of 26.46 (±4.52) years and gestational age of 14.52 (±4.51) weeks whose (non-fasting) serum zinc levels were lower than median of the study population. All eligible individuals were randomly divided into two groups of zinc supplement and placebo. Individuals in the zinc supplement group (128 participants) took one zinc supplement capsule including 25 mg elemental zinc and participants in the placebo group (135 people) took one placebo capsule per day until the end of pregnancy. All women were under control and supervision until the end of the pregnancy and their information about labor, delivery, and neonate measures were collected through their obstetric records and then compared.
Results: Findings of this study showed no significant difference in fetal measures at birth (weight, height, head and chest circumference), pre-term delivery, and low birth weight between zinc supplement and placebo groups.
Conclusion: According to our findings, administration of 25mg elemental zinc per day does not improve fetal measures in pregnant women with lower-than-median serum zinc concentration; however, more in-depth studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to achieve more reliable results.
World Health Organization. Trace elements in human nutrition and health [internet] 1996. Geneva; Available from:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1996/92415 61734_eng_fulltext.pdf
Cetin I, Berti C, Calabrese S. Role of micronutrients in the periconceptional period; Human Reproduction Update 2010;16:80–95.
Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Johnston KE, Dubard M. Maternal plasma zinc concentrations and pregnancy outcome. Am J clin Nutr 2000;71: 109-13.
Neggers YH, Cutter GR, Acton RT, Alvarez JO, Bonner JL, Goldenberg RL, et al. A positive association between maternal serum zinc concentration and birth weight. Am J Clin Nut 1990; 51: 678-84.
Ghosh A, Fong LY, Wan CW, Liang ST, Woo JS, Wong V. Zinc deficiency is not a cause for abortion, congenital abnormality and small-for-gestational age infant in Chinese women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:886-91.
Kirksey A, Wachs TD, Yunis F, Srinath U, Rahmanifar A, McCabe GP, et al. Relation of zinc nutriture to pregnancy outcome and infant development in an Egyptian village. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:782-92.
Crosby WM, Metcoff J, Costiloe JP, Mameesh M, Sandstead HH, Jacob RA, et al. Fetal malnutrition: an appraisal of correlated factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol1977;128:22-31.
Mameesh MS, Hathout H, Safar MA, Mahfouz A, ALHassan JM. Maternal plasma proteins, magnesium, zinc and copper concentration at term associated with birth size in kuwait. Acta vitaminol enzymol 1985;7:183-7.
Aydemir F, Cavdar AO, Söylemez F, Cengiz B. Plasma zinc levels during pregnancy and its relationship to maternal and neonatal characteristics: a longitudinal study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2003;91:193-202.
Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Freeberg LE, Cliver SP, Cutter GR, Hoffman HJ. Maternal serum folate and zinc concentration and their relationships to pregnancy outcome. AM J Clin Nutr 1992;56:365-70.
Higashi A, Tajiri A, Matsukura M, Matsuda I. A prospective survey of serial maternal serum zinc levels and pregnancy outcome. J pediator Gastroenterol Nutr 1988;7:430-3.
Roungsipragarn R, Borirug S, Herabutya Y. Plasma zinc level and intrauterine growth retardation: a study in pregnancy women in Ramathibodi hospital. J Med Assoc thai 1999;82:178-81.
Jain S, Sharma P, Kulshreshtha S, Mohan G, Singh S. The role of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in preeclampsia.Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 133:162-70.
Cavdar AO, Bahceci M, Akar N, Erten J, Bahceci G, Babacan E, et al. Zinc status in pregnancy and the occurrence of anencephaly in turkey. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1988;2:9-14.
Atinmo T, Mbofung C, Osinusi BO. Relationship of zinc and copper concentrations in maternal and cord blood and birth weight. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1980;18:452-4.
Kumru S, Aydin S, Simsek M, Sahin K, Yaman M, Ay G. Comparison of serum copper, zinc, calcium and magnesium levels in precclamptic and healthy pregnant women. Biol trac Elem Res 2003; 94:105- 12.
Jameson S. Zinc and copper in pregnancy, correlation to fetal and maternal complications. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1976;593:5-20
Bahadoran P, Zendehdel M, Movahedian A, Hasan Zahraee R. The relationship between serum zinc level and preeclampsia. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2010;15:120-4.
Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, Neggers Y, Copper RL,Johnston KE, Dubard MB, et al. The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome. JAMA 1995; 274:463-8.
Salimi S, Namai M. Assessment of prevalence of zinc deficiency in pregnant women in Zahedan. Zahedan University of medical science, Zahedan, Iran. 1380.
Shashahan Z, Habib zadeh A. Evaluation of plasma Zinc concentration in pregnant in Isfahan women. Esfahan University of medical science, Esfahan, Iran. 1380.
Cunningham G, Gant NF, Leveno KJ. Gilstrap LC,Hauth JC, Wenstrom KD. Williams Obstetrics. 21st ed.New York: Mc Graw- Hill companies, 2010.
Caulfield LE, Zavalenta N, Shankar AH, Merialdi M. Potential contribution of maternal zinc supplementation during pregnancy to maternal and child survival. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68 :4995- 5085.
Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Figueroa A, Leon Z.Maternal zinc supplementation does not affect size at birth or pregnancy. J Nutr 1999;129:1563-8.
Hafeez A, Mehmood G, Mazhar F. Oral zinc supplementation in pregnant women and its effect on birth weight: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005;90:F170-1.
Osendarp SJM, Raaij JMA, Arifeen SE, Wahed MA, Baqui AH, Fuchs GJ. Arandomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome in Bangladeshi urban poor. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:114-9.
Saaka M, Oosthuizen J, Beatty S. Effect of prenatal zinc supplementation on birthweight. J Health Popul Nutr 2009;27:619-31.
Garg HK, Singhal KC, Arshad Z. A study of the effect of oral zinc supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome. Indian J Physiol pharmacol 1993;37: 276- 84.
Alexander GR, Kogan M, Bader D, Carlo W, Allen M, Mor J.US birth weight/gestational age-specific neonatalmortality: 1995-1997 rates for whites, hispanics, and blacks. Pediatrics 2003;111:e61-6.poor. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:114-9.
Saaka M, Oosthuizen J, Beatty S. Effect of prenatal zinc supplementation on birthweight. J Health PopulNutr 2009;27:619-31.
Garg HK, Singhal KC, Arshad Z. A study of the effect of oral zinc supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome. Indian J Physiol pharmacol 1993; 37: 276- 84.
Alexander GR, Kogan M, Bader D, Carlo W, Allen M, Mor J.US birth weight/gestational age-specific neonatal mortality: 1995-1997 rates for whites, hispanics, and blacks. Pediatrics 2003;111:e61-6.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6, No 2 (June 2012) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Zinc supplement Serum zinc concentration lower than the median fetal outcome | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
