Relationship Between Serum Vitamin D Level and Ectopic Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
Objective: To compare the difference in Vitamin D level between women with ectopic pregnancy and control group.
Materials and methods: In the present case-control study, 150 patients with ectopic pregnancy were included as case group and 150 women with normal pregnancy as a control group. Then, serum vitamin D levels were measured in both groups and they were then compared with each other. P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age in ectopic pregnancy group was 28.12 ± 5.91 and 27.35 ± 6.21 years old in control group; the difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.43). The vitamin D level in control group was higher than that of ectopic pregnancy group (p = 0.002). Of all patients, 182 patients (60.66%) had vitamin D deficiency and 64 patients (21.33%) had vitamin D insufficiency.
Conclusion: Serum vitamin D level among patients with ectopic pregnancy was statistically lower than women with normal pregnancy.
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2. Clayton HB, Schieve LA, Peterson HB, Jamieson DJ, Reynolds MA, Wright VC. Ectopic pregnancy risk with assisted reproductive technology procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 595-604.
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5. Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, Smulders M, Tian J, Williams L, et al. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney int 2007; 71: 31-8.
6. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck A, Theiler R, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Bmj 2009; 339: b3692.
7. Yamada S, Shimizu M, Yamamoto K. Vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D and Rickets. Karger Publishers; 2003; 6: 50-68.
8. Grundmann M, von Versen-Höynck F. Vitamin D-roles in women's reproductive health? Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9: 146.
9. Evans KN, Bulmer JN, Kilby MD, Hewison M. Vitamin D and placental-decidual function. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2004; 11: 263-71.
10. Miyashita M, Koga K, Izumi G, Sue F, Makabe T, Taguchi A, et al. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 on Endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2016;101:2371-9.
11. Wehr E, Trummer O, Giuliani A, Gruber HJ, Pieber TR, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Vitamin D-associated polymorphisms are related to insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur j Endocrinol 2011; 164: 741-9.
12. McDonnell SL, Baggerly KA, Baggerly CA, Aliano JL, French CB, Baggerly LL, et al. Maternal 25(OH)D concentrations ≥40 ng/mL associated with 60% lower preterm birth risk among general obstetrical patients at an urban medical center. PLOS ONE 2017; 12: e0180483.
13. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Martindale S, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. AM J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 853-9.
14. Wei SQ, Qi HP, Luo ZC, Fraser WD. Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 889-99.
15. Ahn J, Yu K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Simon KC, McCullough ML, Gallicchio L, et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19: 2739-45.
16. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 1911-30.
17. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 266-81.
18. Abreu MT, Kantorovich V, Vasiliauskas E, Gruntmanis U, Matuk R, Daigle K, et al. Measurement of vitamin D levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients reveals a subset of Crohn’s disease patients with elevated 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and low bone mineral density. Gut 2004; 53: 1129-36.
19. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 713-6.
20. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 53-8.
21. Woeckel VJ, Van der Eerden BC, Schreuders‐Koedam M, Eijken M, Van Leeuwen JP. 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates activin A production to fine‐tune osteoblast‐induced mineralization. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228: 2167-74.
22. Pojednic RM, Ceglia L, Lichtenstein AH, Dawson-Hughes B, Fielding RA. Vitamin D receptor protein is associated with interleukin-6 in human skeletal muscle. Endocrine 2015; 49: 512-20.
23. Refaat B, Ashshi AM, Batwa SA, Ahmad J, Idris S, Kutbi SY, et al. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium tubal infections and their effects on the expression of IL-6 and leukaemia inhibitory factor in Fallopian tubes with and without an ectopic pregnancy. Innate Immun 2016; 22: 534-45.
24. Refaat B, Ahmad J, Idris S, Kamfar FF, Ashshi AM, Batwa SA, et al. Characterisation of vitamin D-related molecules and calcium-sensing receptor in human Fallopian tube during the menstrual cycle and in ectopic pregnancy. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368: 201-13.
25. Bassir M, Laborie S, Lapillonne A, Claris O, Chappuis MC, Salle BL. Vitamin D deficiency in Iranian mothers and their neonates: a pilot study. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 577-9.
26. Gordon CM, DePeter KC, Feldman HA, Grace E, Emans S. Prevalence of vitamin d deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158: 531-7.
27. van der Meer IM, Karamali NS, Boeke AJ, Lips P, Middelkoop BJ, Verhoeven I, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 350-3.
28. Anderson JL, May HT, Horne BD, Bair TL, Hall NL, Carlquist JF, et al. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 963-8.
29. Ozkan S, Jindal S, Greenseid K, Shu J, Zeitlian G, Hickmon C, et al. Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: 1314-9.
30. Kovacs CS. Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 520S-8S.
31. Gitto E, Reiter RJ, Karbownik M, Tan Dx, Gitto P,
Barberi S, et al. Causes of oxidative stress in the pre-and perinatal period. Biol Neonate 2002; 81: 146-57.
32. Ott J, Wattar L, Kurz C, Seemann R, Huber JC, Mayerhofer K, et al. Parameters for calcium metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who undergo clomiphene citrate stimulation: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166: 897-902.
2. Clayton HB, Schieve LA, Peterson HB, Jamieson DJ, Reynolds MA, Wright VC. Ectopic pregnancy risk with assisted reproductive technology procedures. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 595-604.
3. Mol F, Mol BW, Ankum WM, Van der Veen F, Hajenius PJ. Current evidence on surgery, systemic methotrexate and expectant management in the treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum reprod update 2008; 14: 309-19.
4. Soriano D, Hugol D, Quang NT, Darai E. Serum concentrations of interleukin-2R (IL-2R), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with ectopic
pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 975-80.
5. Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, Smulders M, Tian J, Williams L, et al. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney int 2007; 71: 31-8.
6. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck A, Theiler R, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Bmj 2009; 339: b3692.
7. Yamada S, Shimizu M, Yamamoto K. Vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D and Rickets. Karger Publishers; 2003; 6: 50-68.
8. Grundmann M, von Versen-Höynck F. Vitamin D-roles in women's reproductive health? Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9: 146.
9. Evans KN, Bulmer JN, Kilby MD, Hewison M. Vitamin D and placental-decidual function. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2004; 11: 263-71.
10. Miyashita M, Koga K, Izumi G, Sue F, Makabe T, Taguchi A, et al. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 on Endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2016;101:2371-9.
11. Wehr E, Trummer O, Giuliani A, Gruber HJ, Pieber TR, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Vitamin D-associated polymorphisms are related to insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur j Endocrinol 2011; 164: 741-9.
12. McDonnell SL, Baggerly KA, Baggerly CA, Aliano JL, French CB, Baggerly LL, et al. Maternal 25(OH)D concentrations ≥40 ng/mL associated with 60% lower preterm birth risk among general obstetrical patients at an urban medical center. PLOS ONE 2017; 12: e0180483.
13. Devereux G, Litonjua AA, Turner SW, Craig LC, McNeill G, Martindale S, et al. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. AM J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 853-9.
14. Wei SQ, Qi HP, Luo ZC, Fraser WD. Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 889-99.
15. Ahn J, Yu K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Simon KC, McCullough ML, Gallicchio L, et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19: 2739-45.
16. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 1911-30.
17. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 266-81.
18. Abreu MT, Kantorovich V, Vasiliauskas E, Gruntmanis U, Matuk R, Daigle K, et al. Measurement of vitamin D levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients reveals a subset of Crohn’s disease patients with elevated 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and low bone mineral density. Gut 2004; 53: 1129-36.
19. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 713-6.
20. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 53-8.
21. Woeckel VJ, Van der Eerden BC, Schreuders‐Koedam M, Eijken M, Van Leeuwen JP. 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates activin A production to fine‐tune osteoblast‐induced mineralization. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228: 2167-74.
22. Pojednic RM, Ceglia L, Lichtenstein AH, Dawson-Hughes B, Fielding RA. Vitamin D receptor protein is associated with interleukin-6 in human skeletal muscle. Endocrine 2015; 49: 512-20.
23. Refaat B, Ashshi AM, Batwa SA, Ahmad J, Idris S, Kutbi SY, et al. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium tubal infections and their effects on the expression of IL-6 and leukaemia inhibitory factor in Fallopian tubes with and without an ectopic pregnancy. Innate Immun 2016; 22: 534-45.
24. Refaat B, Ahmad J, Idris S, Kamfar FF, Ashshi AM, Batwa SA, et al. Characterisation of vitamin D-related molecules and calcium-sensing receptor in human Fallopian tube during the menstrual cycle and in ectopic pregnancy. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368: 201-13.
25. Bassir M, Laborie S, Lapillonne A, Claris O, Chappuis MC, Salle BL. Vitamin D deficiency in Iranian mothers and their neonates: a pilot study. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 577-9.
26. Gordon CM, DePeter KC, Feldman HA, Grace E, Emans S. Prevalence of vitamin d deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158: 531-7.
27. van der Meer IM, Karamali NS, Boeke AJ, Lips P, Middelkoop BJ, Verhoeven I, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 350-3.
28. Anderson JL, May HT, Horne BD, Bair TL, Hall NL, Carlquist JF, et al. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 963-8.
29. Ozkan S, Jindal S, Greenseid K, Shu J, Zeitlian G, Hickmon C, et al. Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: 1314-9.
30. Kovacs CS. Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 520S-8S.
31. Gitto E, Reiter RJ, Karbownik M, Tan Dx, Gitto P,
Barberi S, et al. Causes of oxidative stress in the pre-and perinatal period. Biol Neonate 2002; 81: 146-57.
32. Ott J, Wattar L, Kurz C, Seemann R, Huber JC, Mayerhofer K, et al. Parameters for calcium metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who undergo clomiphene citrate stimulation: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166: 897-902.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13, No 3 (September 2019) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jfrh.v13i3.2131 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy Vitamin D Deficiency Pregnancy | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sahhaf F, Saiyar-Sarai S, Piri R, Mohammadi S, Naghavi-Behzad M. Relationship Between Serum Vitamin D Level and Ectopic Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study. J Family Reprod Health. 2019;13(3):167-172.
