Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 14 2 2020 10 18 68 73 Zinat Ghanbari Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Samira Sohbati Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Tahereh Eftekhar Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Leyla Sahebi Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Soodabeh Darvish Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Safa Alasiri Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Deldar Pasikhani Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2019 12 25 2020 07 20 Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fractional CO2 laser for treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy. Materials and methods: In this clinical trial study, we evaluated the laser effect on vulvovaginal atrophy in 47 women aged 43-80 years. Each woman was treated with fractional CO2 laser, SmartXide2V2LR, DEKA, Monalisa Touch, vaginal 360o probe and cosmetic probe. The severity of vulvovaginal atrophy symptoms was evaluated before first session of laser and every 4 weeks after laser treatment until 12 weeks. Adverse effects including pain and itching were assessed at all visits. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. Results: The response to laser therapy for vaginal dryness was significantly (p <0.001) improved. Also, the response to laser therapy for each symptom include dyspareunia, vaginal discharge, itching and urge urinary incontinence was statistically significant (p <0.001) based on visual analogue scale (VAS). Conclusion: It seems vaginal fractional CO2 laser can be applied as an effective and safe treatment method in genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). It is necessary to conduct studies with long-term follow-up. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1277 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/1277/517

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 14 2 2020 10 18 60 67 Maryam Soleimani Movahed Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeed Husseini Barghazan Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Fariba Askari Student Research Committee, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Morteza Arab Zozani Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran 2020 01 11 2020 07 20 Objective: Abortion related procedures contribute to a significant economic burden because it resulted in prolonged hospital stays for patients. We aimed to gather available evidence on the economic burden of abortion and post-abortion complication treatment cares worldwide. Materials and methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched through November 2019. Two researchers independently conducted the quality assessment and data extraction process. The latest web-based tool adjusted the estimates of costs expressed in one specific currency and price year into a specific target currency (the year 2016 $US). Results: Totally, 2082 records were retrieved and 32 studies were deemed eligible for qualitative synthesis. The mean total costs per patient with abortion or post-abortion care ranged from $23 to $564. The annual costs ranged from 189,000 $US to 134 million $US. Conclusion: Abortion and post-abortion care impose a substantial economic burden on society. Understanding the burdensome of abortion or pregnancy termination among policymakers provides vital information and enables informed decisions to be made to establish health care priorities and allocating scarce resources. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1294 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/1294/516

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 14 2 2020 10 18 74 80 Alessandra Spagnolia Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA James Beal Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA Abe Sahmoun Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA 2020 04 10 2020 07 28 Objective: Endometriosis is a chronic, painful disease that can be disabling. There is a scarcity of research on the clinical management and outcomes of endometriosis in American Indian (AI) women. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are discrepancies between AI and White women in symptoms at presentation, initial diagnosis methods, clinical management, and long-term outcomes of endometriosis, in a rural state. Materials and methods: This retrospective study described and compared the clinical management and long-term outcomes of AI and White women diagnosed with endometriosis. All statistical tests were two-tailed with p-value < .05 considered to be significant. Results: 110 women diagnosed with endometriosis were included in the study, with 50% (n = 55) AI and 50% (n = 55) White. White women were more likely to have private insurance (80% vs. 42%; p < 0.001). AI women were more likely than White women to report abdominal pain at diagnosis (20.3% vs. 9%; p = 0.010), and be diagnosed with mild endometriosis symptoms at the initial visit, (44.4% vs. 10%; p = 0.051). White women were more likely to report a reduction or cessation of pain compared to AI women (63.3% vs. 34%; p = 0.004). Conclusion: We found the majority of women continue to report pain long after endometriosis diagnosis. AI women were less likely to report a reduction or cessation of pain. Future research should investigate why pain is more persistent in AI women. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1349 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/1349/518

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 14 2 2020 10 18 81 87 Shokoh Abotorabi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran Niloufar Moeini Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Qom Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran Sahar Moghbelinejad Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran AND Khatam Pathobiology and Genetic Lab, Qazvin, Iran 2019 11 09 2020 07 29 Objective: The purpose of this study was comparison of association of three main first trimester screening factors with pregnancy outcomes among Iranian pregnant women. Materials and methods: This prospective study was done during 2017-2019 years in Qazvin, Iran. To do so, a total of 1500pregnant women in first trimester were enrolled. At the first step, Nuchal translucency (NT) was measured in 11-13 ± 5 week, then the serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and free-β-human chorionic gonadotropin (free-β-HCG) were measured in 12-14 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women were followed up until the end of pregnancy for the complications of pregnancy such as intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), intrauterine death (IUFD), different types of fetal loss and preterm labor. Results: The results showed that low levels of serum biomarkers had more association with pregnancy complications in comparison to high levels of them. Significant association of IUGR (P = 0.001), IUFD (P = 0.032) and pre-term labor (P = 0.002) was shown in women with low serum levels of PAPP-A in comparison to low serum levels of free-β-hCG. Significant high frequency of different types of fetal loss (IUFD, Abortion, Elective termination) was shown in fetuses with N ≥ 3 in comparison to low levels of serum biomarkers (P = 0.001). Conclusion: This study highlighted the importance of accurately interpreting the results of the first trimester of pregnancy screening which should be considered by primatologists for subsequent pregnancy care. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1254 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/1254/519

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 14 2 2020 10 18 88 94 Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Mina Malary Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Mahmood Moosazadeh Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Soghra Khani Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran AND Research Center of Diabetes, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Mehdi Pourasghar Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2019 12 24 2020 07 25 Objective: Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) among women is a complicated one which is created by various factors playing roles. One of the potential concerns related to Body Image (BI) is lack of sexual appeal in women. Body Image is often described as what a person perceives of their body encompassing the biological, psychological and social factors. The present research pursues the goal to investigate the association between BI and HSDD among the reproductive age women in Iran. Materials and methods: The current study is a cross-sectional (descriptive –analytical) research done on 1000 reproductive age included woman (15-49 years), performed by systematic random sampling method. The data collection tool includes the socio-demographics and the sexual desire scale in addition to the revised sexual distress scale to measure HSDD completed as self-report by the samples. Univariate and multivariate regression tests have been used in order to analyze the data. Results: The mean ± SD age of the women participating in the study was 32.09 ± 7.33. Having adjusted the confounder variables' effect by logistic regression multivariate analysis; the odd ratio for HSDD has been analyzed. The findings suggested that the odd ratio for HSDD in those not satisfied or slightly feeling fulfilled with their BI has been OR: 4.2 (95% CI: 1.98-9.05) and OR: 3.9 (95% CI: 2.29-6.65), respectively, times more than the ones highly satisfied with their body image. Conclusion: The present study results indicate that being dissatisfied with BI is a determinant factor of HSDD that is more probable in the people with negative image of their body structure and feeling lack of bodily appeal. Thus it is imperative to pay attention to this factor when analyzing HSDD. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1276 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/1276/520

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 14 2 2020 10 18 95 101 Sandeep Sharma Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India Partha Mohanty Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India Ruchi Omar Department of Epidemiology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India Ankit Viramgami Department of Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India Namita Sharma Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India 2020 01 01 2020 07 25 Objective: To assess the status of utilization of Maternal Health Care (MHC) services in slums of an industrialized city and elucidating the various determinants influencing the utilization. Materials and methods: A Cross-sectional study using multi stage sampling methodology was conducted in slums of an industrialized city. The study participants were the women who had given a live birth in the last one year before 4 weeks of the study starts. Total one hundred eighty families were interviewed & analysed. Results: The utilization of MHC services was poor as compared to national averages in urban slums. There was no association between age of mother, birth order, educational and occupational status of head of family with utilization of services while education and employment of mother, category and type of family, distance and time to reach health facility, were significantly associated. Conclusion: The reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity mostly depends on the utilization of MHC services. The findings of this study have important implications for improving utilization of maternal health care service https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1279 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/1279/521

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 14 2 2020 10 18 102 105 Fatemeh Soleymanzadeh Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Hamedan Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran Minoo Mahmoodi Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Hamedan Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran Siamak Shahidi Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2020 01 07 2020 07 08 ObjectiveName> Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA Miriam Shayeb Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA Asley Sanchez Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA Kushal Gandhi Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA John Garza The University of Texas Permian Basin (UTPB), Odessa, TX, USA Gary Ventolini Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA 2022 08 25 2023 01 22 Objective: Folliculitis is a skin infection and inflammation that develops in the hair follicles. While most cases of folliculitis are caused by bacterial infections, here is a case of folliculitis caused by the Candida fungi in an immunocompetent host. Case report: A 23-year-old non-diabetic immunocompetent female with recurrent vaginal candidiasis developed clusters of erythematous, pruritic papules in the pubic area. Upon evaluation, the clusters were determined to be folliculitis. Risk factors for folliculitis included shaving of the pubic area, hot tub use, and wearing of tight, restrictive clothing. Cultures and skin samples of the folliculitis demonstrated Candida albicans. The patient was subsequently and successfully treated with clotrimazole solution and cream. There was no recurrence of the folliculitis upon her 3-month follow-up appointment. Conclusion: Candida folliculitis is a rare condition in non-diabetic patients. The patient’s history, risk factors and immune status assessment, and physical examination with proper diagnostic testing, are crucial steps in attaining the correct diagnosis. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/2155 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/2155/636

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 17 1 2023 02 26 29 36 Manoocher Koulani Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Nader Rajabi-Gilan Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran AND Sociology Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Ali Almasi Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Mehdi Khezeli Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Yahya Salimi Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 2022 08 15 2023 01 14 Objective: Women's quality of life is essential both for women’s and their family’s health. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of life status and interaction of subjective socioeconomic status and violence, on quality of life of married women in west of Iran. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study that recruited 1533 married women using multi-stages sampling method. Multiple linear regression was employed for estimating adjusted association and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants was 33.67(11). The majority of participants (92%) experienced some degree of domestic violence. Less than half of women (46.70%) perceived medium socioeconomic status. Mean (SD) score of quality of life was 3.57 (0.94). There was a significant statistical interaction between socioeconomic status and domestic violence on quality of life. Conclusion: These findings suggest that considering the interaction of subjective socioeconomic status with domestic violence in prevention program, especially in poor categories of family, appears to be one of the important ways in improving married-females’ quality of life. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/2150 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/2150/631

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 17 1 2023 02 26 37 44 Solmaz Mohamadi Reproductive Health Promotion Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Zeinab Rabiei Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran Zahra sadat Pajohideh Department of Midwifery, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran Zahra Barati Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Seyedeh Solmaz Talebi Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran Afsaneh Keramat Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran 2022 08 22 2023 01 29 Objective: Genital warts are a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through sexual contact. HPV is the most important cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the health belief model (HBM) constructs in adopting HPV preventive behavior in women referred to comprehensive health centers in Southwestern Iran. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 1000 women referring to health centers in Ahvaz during 2019-2020 who were selected via a two-stage stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire based on the HBM. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression analysis in SPSS v.18, at a significance level lower than 0.05. Results: Total scale reliability of the tool was very good (α=0.828), as the Intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) was to be 0.86. The mean of preventive behavior using an ANOVA test was significantly different at different levels of education (P <0.05). The mean and standard deviation of knowledge about HPV and preventive behavior was moderate (11.45±3.4). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant direct relationship between preventive behavior with awareness, perceived sensitivity, and self-efficacy and inversely related to perceived barriers. Perceived sensitivity (0.01) and self-efficacy (<0.001) were identified as the final predictors of behavior in regression analysis. Conclusion: As the results showed, designing programs to prevent HPV, considering the perceived role of perceived sensitivity and self-efficacy, increases the likelihood of effective interventions. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/2153 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/2153/632

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 17 1 2023 02 26 45 53 Balpreet Kaur Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India Sonia Malik Southend Fertility & IVF, New Delhi, India Ved Prakash Southend Fertility & IVF, New Delhi, India Vandana Bhatia Southend Fertility & IVF, New Delhi, India Deepu Gupta Southend Fertility & IVF, New Delhi, India 2022 08 22 2023 01 22 Objective: Achieving pregnancy in poor ovarian response patients is a challenge. Failed fertilization after ICSI, despite normal semen parameters is due to defects in oocyte activation. In-vitro activation of oocytes using Ca+2 agents can be useful in increasing the fertilization rates in these patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of artificial oocyte activation by calcium ionophores in poor responders in improving fer