Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 3 2017 11 06 119 127 EN Manase Chiweshe Chinhoyi University Malvern Chiweshe Rhodes University 2017 03 02 2017 10 22 Objective: To find out adult views on adolescent sexualities in Zimbabwe and how adults construct sexual cultures that deny adolescence access to sex. Materials and methods: The paper uses qualitative methodologies, with purposively selected parents and key informants. A total of ten in depth interviews, four focus groups and six key informant interviews with purposively sampled male and female respondents were conducted. Key informants included a headmaster, teacher, social worker, nurses and a member of traditional healers association. Results: Parents that were interviewed denied that their adolescent children were sexually active. This denial of adolescent sexuality was seen throughout the interviews. The denial of adolescent sexuality was linked to the other themes that emerged including sexual surveillance and sexual communication, school pregnancy, STIs and sexual education, and adult anxiety on adolescent sex. Conclusion: The denial of youth sexuality has serious impacts on youths’ access to information and ability to protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. We argue that government policies and lack of comprehensive sex education in schools are based on this denial of adolescent sexuality and should be addressed. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/571 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/571/390

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 3 2017 11 06 174 178 EN Ruchi Rathore Department of Pathology, NDMC and Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India Shivangi Chauhan Department of Pathology, NDMC and Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India Suman Mendiratta Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NDMC and Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India Ritu Sharma Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NDMC and Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India Manupriya Nain Department of Pathology, NDMC and Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India Namrata Sarin Department of Pathology, NDMC and Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India 2017 05 30 2017 08 27 Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a rare form of chronic inflammatory response consisting of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils too. Due to its locally destructive nature and mass forming capacity as a result of adhesions, this type of inflammation may mimic  malignancy or tuberculosis both clinically and radiologically. We present a report of two such cases, one mimicking tuberculosis and the other mimicking malignancy clinically. Awareness of this condition and a higher index of suspicion among clinicians, radiologists and pathologists can help in early diagnosis and more appropriate treatment of this potentially destructive disorder. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/618 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/618/397

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 3 2017 11 06 128 137 EN Lida Jalili Reproductive Health Promotion Research Center, Midwifery Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Shahnaz Najar Midwifery Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Salimeh Nezamivand_Chegini Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Masoumeh Yaralizadeh Reproductive Health Promotion Research Center, Midwifery Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2017 06 20 2017 11 05 Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between factors related to divorce request with mental health among divorce applicant women in order to understand the effect of these factors on women's mental health. Materials and methods: This study was a cross-sectional study performed on 434 divorce applicant women who referred to legal medicine department of Ahvaz in 2013 based on convenience sampling. Information was collected by using researcher made questionnaire for factors affecting divorce and symptom checklist-25 (SCL-25) standard questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS ver.18. Results: The results showed that among the social factors, life skills and communication, family and individual factors had a significant relationship with mental health among divorce applicant women (p < 0.05). No relationship was seen with economic and cultural factors affecting divorce request (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the negative effects of various causative factors of divorce on mental health of women including social, life skills, communication, family and individual factors strategies for prevention and reduction of these factors should be seriously considered for prevention and early treatment of mental health problems. These strategies include counseling before marriage, after marriage and during the divorce process. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/637 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/637/391

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 3 2017 11 06 138 145 EN Asma Sabermahani Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Reza Goudarzi Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Sara Nasiri Research center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran 2017 07 12 2017 10 22 Objective: Population and its corresponding problems are among multidimensional and complicated issues of human communities and their related features are the basis for making any plan or policy. Fertility, as one of the principle components of population growth, is an issue that has always been taken into consideration and extensive research has been carried out to recognize factors affecting on it. Therefore, the authors decided to study the most important factors influencing fertility rate in Iran by conducting a longitudinal study and considering the effect of various time periods on its population changes. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study. Its required information is a combination of cross-sectional and time series data (panel data) that were extracted from 1966 to 2013 from Iran’s population categorized by the country’s 24 provinces and from statistical yearbooks of Statistical Center of Iran and Organization of Civil Registration. The final estimations were made using Eviews 7 and STATA 12 software. Findings showed that variables of marriage, women’s level of education, unemployment, population policies, Sunni population, economic policies and annual expenses of households have influenced the fertility rate. Results: Based on the research results, marriage and women’s level of education respectively had the most positive and the most negative effects on the fertility rate. Then, unemployment, family planning policies, policies of paying cash subsidies and total annual household expenses had reverse effects on the fertility rate and the policies of paying cash subsidies and Sunni population had positive effects on the fertility rate. Conclusion: In order to make policies of increasing fertility rate effective by governmental and politicians’ planning, more attention should be paid to providing conditions for marriage and reducing unemployment.   https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/648 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/648/392

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 3 2017 11 06 146 151 EN Fatemeh Karami Departement of Medical Genetics, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Noori-Daloii Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seddigheh Hantooshzadeh Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Mohammad Hossein Modarressi Departement of Medical Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 07 23 2017 10 22 Objective: Recent advances in non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) through cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA) has highlighted cffDNA purification as a critical initial step. Herein, we aimed to compare the efficiency of one proposed protocol with two commercial kits for isolation of cffDNA. Materials and methods: cffDNA was isolated from whole blood of 50 normal pregnancies using one proposed manual protocol compared with QIAamp DNA Blood Mini and Bioneer Kits. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation real time polymerase chain reaction (MeDIP-Real time PCR) was performed to quantify three fetal specific sequences. Results: Maximum cffDNA quantity was obtained by suggested protocol (248.79 ± 14.07 ng/µl) and the best quality was achieved by Bioneer Kit (OD ratio: 260/280 nm/nm: 1.69 ± 0.09, 260/230 nm/nm: 1.15 ± 0.13) (p < 0.001). Enrichment of fetal specific sequences was significantly higher when proposed protocol was used to isolate cffDNA (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Inhibitory effect of NaI on nucleases and double digestion of DNA associated proteins may be the main reasons behind the superiority of suggested protocol. Significantly higher amplification of fetal specific sequences in suggested protocol would be a strong evidence on recovery of small fetal fragments as demonstrated with its maximum total DNA quantity and amplification in different PCR reactions. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/652 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/652/393

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 3 2017 11 06 152 158 EN Farideh Akhlaghi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Azadeh Khazaie Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Fateme Jafaripour Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2017 05 16 2017 10 31 Objective: To investigating formation or non-formation of bladder flap at Cesarean section on the complications during and after surgery. Materials and methods: This is a double-blind clinical trial study conducted during February 2014 to May 2015 on 64 pregnant women with gestational age of 36 weeks or more who were delivered by Cesarean section for the first time. They were randomly divided into two groups (intervention group: non-formation of bladder flap; control group: formation of bladder flap). The time to cut out the baby by Cesarean section, total duration of operation, bladder injury, intraoperative bleeding, hematocrit changes expected prior to during and following operation, postoperative pain, macroscopic and microscopic hematuria, postoperative complications and duration of  hospitalization were compared between two groups. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 using and statistics tests. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Time to cut out the baby for the intervention group (124.9 ± 40.5 seconds and for control group 155.1 ± 42.9 seconds) and total duration of the operation (intervention group: 27.7 ± 5.2 min and control group: 34 ± 4.73 min) were significantly different (p = 0.000). Number of gauze consumption during operation and postoperative hematocrit drop in the intervention group was significantly lower in the intervention group compared the control group (p = 0.000). The postoperative pain score in the intervention group (4.8 ± 1.1) and in control group (6.3 ± 0.9) were significantly different (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Omission of the bladder flap at Cesarean section leads to short-term benefits such as reducing the time to cut out the fetus, duration of surgery, decreasing postoperative bleeding and lowering pain. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/612 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/612/394

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 3 2017 11 06 159 164 EN Sakineh Dadipoor Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Mitra Mehraban Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Teamur Aghamolaei Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran Ali Ramezankhani Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Safari-Moradabadi Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 05 24 2017 08 27 Objective: To anticipate the type of childbirth according to the health belief model. Materials and methods: The present cross-sectional research was conducted on 222 primiparous women visiting the healthcare center in Khorram Abad. A combination of simple randomization and clustering was used to do the sampling. The data collection instrument was a validated four-part questionnaire the first part of which contained demographic information. The second part was comprised of awareness questions while the third dealt with the constructs of the health belief model. The final part consisted of the behavioral intention derived from the logical action theory. SPSS 16 was used to statistically analyze the data and the significance level was set at p ˂ = 0.1) were not significantly different in the two groups. In the PM group members who did not require episiotomy (n = 14) and the mother underwent a spontaneous tear, first-degree tears were more frequent than second-degree ones. The median duration of the active stage of labor until the stage completion was lower in the PM group than in the control group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.3). The median of the second stage duration in the control and intervention groups were 55 and 45 minutes, respectively, where the difference was significant (p = 0.002), and the median time of completion of the active stage until delivery in the PM group had reduced. Conclusion: PM had a significant impact on the reduction of the need for episiotomies and the duration of the second stage of labor. Thus, it can be suggested as a safe, simple, low-cost, and effective technique to reduce the perineal damage during delivery. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/1125 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/1125/497

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 13 3 2019 12 01 167 172 Farnaz Sahhaf Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Somaiyeh Saiyar-Sarai Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Reza Piri Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital (OUH), Odense, Denmark Sahar Mohammadi Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran Mohammad Naghavi-Behzad Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark 2019 04 12 2019 10 08 Objective: To compare the difference in Vitamin D level between women with ectopic pregnancy and control group. Materials and methods: In the present case-control study, 150 patients with ectopic pregnancy were included as case group and 150 women with normal pregnancy as a control group. Then, serum vitamin D levels were measured in both groups and they were then compared with each other. P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age in ectopic pregnancy group was 28.12 ± 5.91 and 27.35 ± 6.21 years old in control group; the difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.43). The vitamin D level in control group was higher than that of ectopic pregnancy group (p = 0.002). Of all patients, 182 patients (60.66%) had vitamin D deficiency and 64 patients (21.33%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Conclusion: Serum vitamin D level among patients