Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 10 1 2016 05 15 49 51 EN Sarita Nibhoria Department of Pathology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College AND Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India Kanwardeep Kaur Tiwana Department of Pathology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College AND Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India Manmeet Kaur Department of Pathology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College AND Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India Richa Phutela Department of Pathology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College AND Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India 2016 01 06 2016 02 21 Neurofibromas commonly involve peripheral nervous system. Isolated neurofibroma of vagina is very rare tumor and usually associated with Von Recklinghausen’s disease. Vulva is the most frequent location of neurofibroma of genital tract followed by clitoris and labia. We present a rare case of neurofibroma of vaginal wall presented as vaginal cyst in a 52 year old female with no history of any other symptoms related to Recklinghausen’s disease. Excision biopsy was done and on the histopathological examination non-encapsulated, well circumscribed mass composed of spindle shaped cells with wavy nuclei and bland nuclear chromatin was noted. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong positivity with S-100. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/375 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/375/349

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 10 1 2016 05 15 1 8 Fatemeh Haidari Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad-Taha Jalali Laboratory Sciences Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Nahid Shahbazian Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imam Khomeini Hospital AND Departmet of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad-Hossein Haghighizadeh Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Elham Azadegan Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2016 05 10 Objective: Vitamin D appears to be involved in regulation of glycemic and inflammatory responses in gestational diabetes. The purpose of this study was to compare the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), inflammatory biomarkers and glycemic profile between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) pregnant women. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, fasting serum levels of 25(OH)D, insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP and TNF-α were measured in 45 GDM and 45 NGT women at week 20-30 gestation whom referred to Reference Medical Laboratory of Ahvaz, Iran in 1394. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower (p = 0.003 ) in the GDM group compared to the NGT group which remained even after controlling for confounders. Insulin and TNF-α levels were not statistically different between groups (p > 0.05). However, in unadjusted model, HOMA-IR and hs-CRP were significantly different between groups that disappeared in adjusted model. In the GDM group, there was a negative significant correlation between 25 (OH) D and fasting blood sugar (p = 0.009) and pre pregnancy BMI (p < 0.001). Levels of 25(OH)D were also negatively correlated with pre pregnancy BMI (p < 0.001) and hs-CRP levels (p = 0.003) in the NGT group. Conclusion: The lower level of vitamin D may be responsible for impairments of some glycemic and inflammatory markers in pregnant women. This is more important in overweight pregnant women. However, further studies with larger sample size are recommended in this regards. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/441 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/441/342

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 10 1 2016 05 15 9 14 EN Zahra Boroumandfar Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Farzin Khorvash Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Katayoun Taeri Behavioral Disease Council Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Mahrdad Salehi Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Ghasem Yadegarfar Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, and Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2015 12 20 2016 03 16 Objective: The study aimed to design and evaluate the content and face validity, and reliability of knowledge, attitude, and behavior questionnaire on preventive behaviors among vulnerable women concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in two phases of an action research. In the first phase, to explain STDs preventive domains, 20 semi- structured interviews were conducted with the vulnerable women, residing at women prison and women referred to counseling centers. After analyzing content of interviews, three domains were identified: improve their knowledge, modify their attitude and change their behaviors. In the second phase, the questionnaire was designed and tested in a pilot study. Then, its content validity was evaluated. Face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed by test re- test method and Cronbach alpha respectively. Results: Index of content validity in each three domain of the questionnaire (knowledge, attitude and behavior concerning STDs) was obtained over 0.6. Overall content validity index was 0.86 in all three domains of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha as reliability of questionnaire was 0.80 for knowledge, 0.79 for attitude and 0.85 for behavior. Conclusion: The results showed that the designed questionnaire was a valid and reliable tool to measure knowledge, attitude and behavior of vulnerable women, predisposed to risk of STDs. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/364 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/364/343

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 10 1 2016 05 15 15 20 EN Damoon larky Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mohammad Ali Ghaffari Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Mozhgan Noorbehbahani Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Meysam Alipour Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2015 10 13 2016 03 15 Objective: Calpains are a family of Ca2+ dependent proteases. There is some evidence that calpains involved in fusion process that occurs between spermatozoa and the oocyte. The current study aimed to investigate the association of smoking with semen quality and µ-calpain level. Materials and methods: This case-control study was conducted on 117 normospermia males  between June 2013 and march 2014 in Jahad Laboratory in ahvaz, Iran. The semen samples were collected from male smokers (n = 50) and non-smokers (n = 67). We divided these participants as light, moderate, or heavy smokers based on their cigarettes per day (CPD). ELISA assays were used to measure µ-calpain concentration. All semen samples were analyzed according to World Health Organization guidelines. Results: The analysis of semen showed the volume, concentration, motility and morphology of semen were significantly lower among the smoker men than the non-smoker men. Also this significant difference was observed based on the number (light, moderate and heavy smokers) and duration (short term and long term smoker) of smoking. Although, showed no significant difference between µ-calpain of smoker men and non-smoker men. CPD showed negatively correlation with semen volume, concentration, motility and morphology of sperm. Conclusion: Sperm quality was negatively correlated with CPD and duration of smoking. However, there is no significant correlation between smoking and µ-calpain concentration. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/170 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/170/344

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 10 1 2016 05 15 21 26 EN Roxana Kargar Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afsaneh Aghazadeh Nainie Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid Reza Khoddami Vishteh Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 27 2016 03 15 Objective: To compare the efficacy of EMLA cream and lidocaine injection to reduce pain during episiotomy repair. Materials and methods: A total of 46 primiparous women with normal pregnancy who referred for normal vaginal delivery and needed episiotomy repair were selected and randomly divided into two groups. For EMLA group, one hour before the estimated time of delivery, 5g of EMLA cream was applied to perinealmediolateral incision, and after the delivery of the fetus and placenta, again 5g of EMLA cream was applied to healthy skin around the episiotomy for repair. In the other group, lidocaine 2% was used before episiotomy and for its repair, too. Results: Only 8 people (19%) were in need of further analgesia. The mean ± SD of pain during repair of episiotomy on the VAS scale in all cases was 4.2 ± 2.3 cm. Most people (97%) were satisfied with their episiotomy repair. Comparing the two groups of EMLA and lidocaine, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of the duration of episiotomy repair, need for further analgesia, pain on the VAS scale, and satisfaction with the repair method. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the use of EMLA cream in the site of episiotomy incision in primiparous women can induce a level of analgesia equal to that of lidocaine, and cause a similar level of satisfaction.     https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/331 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/331/345

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 10 1 2016 05 15 27 34 EN Roghaie Khoshkholgh Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Firuzabad Branch, Firuzabad, Iran Tahereh Keshavarz Department of Midwifery, Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Zeinab Moshfeghy Department of Midwifery, Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Marzieh Akbarzadeh Maternal–Fetal Medicine Research Center, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Nasrin Asadi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Najaf Zare Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2015 10 10 2016 03 15 Objective: To compare the effects of two auditory methods by mother and fetus on the results of NST in 2011-2012. Materials and methods: In this single-blind clinical trial, 213 pregnant women with gestational age of 37-41 weeks who had no pregnancy complications were randomly divided into 3 groups (auditory intervention for mother, auditory intervention for fetus, and control) each containing 71 subjects. In the intervention groups, music was played through the second 10 minutes of NST. The three groups were compared regarding baseline fetal heart rate and number of accelerations in the first and second 10 minutes of NST. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and paired T-test. Results: The results showed no significant difference among the three groups regarding baseline fetal heart rate in the first (p = 0.945) and second (p = 0.763) 10 minutes. However, a significant difference was found among the three groups concerning the number of accelerations in the second 10 minutes. Also, a significant difference was observed in the number of accelerations in the auditory intervention for mother (p = 0.013) and auditory intervention for fetus groups (p < 0.001). The difference between the number of accelerations in the first and second 10 minutes was also statistically significant (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Music intervention was effective in the number of accelerations which is the indicator of fetal health. Yet, further studies are required to be conducted on the issue. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/166 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/166/346

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 10 1 2016 05 15 35 41 EN Shamim Pilehvari Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ensieh Shahrokh Tehraninejad Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Batool Hosseinrashidi Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Scienche Fertility Clinic of a hospital in Abakaliki. Sperm count done in accordance with the WHO guidelines was used to classify the participants as normospamia, oligospermia and azospermia. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine lead and cadmium levels in plasma from blood and semen. Results: There were 15 azospermics, 22 oligospermics and 36 normospermics. Seminal and blood plasma cadmium as well as blood plasma lead were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in azospermic and oligospermic men compared to normospermic men. However, while seminal plasma lead was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in oligospermic and normospernic men than in azospermic men, the seminal plasma lead was comparable between oligospermic and normospermic men. Significant inverse associations (p < 0.01) were found between blood and seminal cadmium levels and sperm count, motility and morphology; blood lead was inversely correlated with sperm count only. Conclusion: The study suggests that environmental exposure to cadmium and lead may contribute to development of poor sperm quality and infertility in men of reproductive age in Nigeria. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/570 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/570/387

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 2 2017 10 28 104 109 EN Sumarah Sumarah Department of Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia Hesty Widyasih Department of Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2017 04 27 2017 06 25 Objective: To determine the effect of vaginal hygiene module to attitudes and behavior of pathological vaginal discharge prevention in adolescent girls in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Materials and methods: This present study is a quasi experiment with pretest and post-test control group design. A total of 80 female students was selected randomly from two secondary schools at the study site and then distributed equally to control and experimental group. Only participants in the experimental group were given self-learning vaginal hygiene module to maintain vaginal cleanliness. A questionnaire was used as an instrument to measure the attitudes and behavior of vaginal discharge prevention. Paired and independent sample t-tests with significance level (p value) at 0.05 and Confidence Interval (CI) of 95%were employed to compare the mean difference. Results: There is a significant difference in the students’ attitude and practice of pathological vaginal discharge prevention between intervention and control group. The students who have been exposed to vaginal hygiene module for six months showed better attitudes and practice in pathological vaginal discharge prevention compared to their counterpart in control group who do not receive any module. Conclusion: The present study implied that vaginal hygiene module can be provided widely for female adolescents at their early puberty. District health officers may work closely with schools’ health promoter to reach the students and create a supportive environment for reproductive health discussion and forum in order to achieve better adolescents’ reproductive health status. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/602 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/602/388

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 11 2 2017 10 28 110 118 EN Mustafa Ansha Department of Public health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia Challi Bosho Department of Health Services Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia Fikru Jaleta Department of Health Services Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia 2017 04 28 2017 06 13 Objective: To assess reproductive health service utilization and associated factors among adolescents in Anchar District, West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, East Ethiopia. Materials and methods: A community based cross-sectional study using quantitative and qualitative method of data collection was applied from March 1to 30, 2013. Simple random sampling method was used for quantitative and Purposive sampl