Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 1 2 2007 06 15 55 58 Ali Montazeri Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: Since health related quality of life is an important issue for infertile couples a review was conducted to examine the literature. Materials and methods: This was a minireview of the literature covering all full publications that have been appeared in the English language biomedical journals. The search strategy included a combination of key words ‘quality of life', ‘infertility, and ‘infertile' in title. Results: A total of 8 citations were identified and were examined in this minireview. The major findings are summarized and presented in several headings including instruments used, and findings from each individual study. Conclusion: There were quite a few studies that reported on health related quality of life in infertile couples. It seems that there is need to conduct more studies on the topic using valid and standard measures. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/11 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/11/11

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 1 2 2007 06 15 59 64 Azin Alavi Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran Saghar Salehpour Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran Mahnaz Narimani Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Institue, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: This study investigated the efficacy of bupivacaine wound infusion for pain control and opioid sparing effect after cesarean delivery. Materials and methods: We conducted a randomized double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial on 60 parturients undergoing cesarean section at a university hospital in Tehran. Patients were randomized to receive a pump infusion system that was filled with either 0.25% bupivacaine or equal volume of distilled water. A catheter was placed above the fascia and connected to electronic pump for 24 hours. Postoperative analog pain scores and morphine consumption were assessed at 6, 12 and 24 hours. Also time interval to first ambulation, length of hospitalization, complications and patient satisfaction were recorded. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mann-Whitney u-test, student t-test and chi-square were used. Results: There were no differences in patient demographics and length of hospitalization and patient-generated resting pain scores between the two groups. Pain scores after coughing and leg raise during the first 6 postoperative hours were significantly less in the Bupivacaine group (P<0.001). The total dose of morphine consumption during the 24 hours study period was 2.5 ± 2.5 mg vs. 7.3 ± 2.7 mg for the bupivacaine and control groups, respectively (P<0.001). Compared with the control group, time to first ambulation was shorter in the bupivacaine group (11± 5h vs. 16 ± 4h) (P< 0.01). Conclusion: Bupivacaine wound infusion was a simple and safe technique that provides effective analgesia and reduces morphine requirements after cesarean delivery. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/12 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/12/12

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 1 2 2007 06 15 92 95 Mohsen Ayati Imam Khomeini hospital, Medical Sciences/ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Peyman Hekmati Imam Khomeini hospital, Medical Sciences/ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Abolghasem Nikfallah Imam Khomeini hospital, Medical Sciences/ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Varyanee Imam Khomeini hospital, Medical Sciences/ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Nowroozi Imam Khomeini hospital, Medical Sciences/ University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: This study evaluated  the efficacy and safety of  the bulbourethral sling in male urinary incontinence. Materials and methods: This case series was conducted in  Imam Khomeini hospital-Tehran , between April 2001 to December 2006. Bulbourethral sling was implanted in 7  patients with stress urinary incontinence after prostate surgery. The patients were monitored and evaluated in a prospective manner. The average follow up period was 24 months. Treatment was considered to be successful if the patient stopped wearing any kind of pad and improved if the patient  was wearing only one pad daily. Results: Five patients were completely dry. One patient weared one pad daily and the last patient suffered from treatment failure. All patients who were completely dry or had improvement were satisfied and presented no obstructive or irritative urinary symptoms. Urethral erosion was not reported. The overall success rate was 85%. Conclusion: The bulbourethral sling in men has satisfying results to treat urinary incontinence. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/19 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/19/19

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 1 2 2007 06 15 65 68 Zinat Ghanbari Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran Bahareh Hajibaratali Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran Mamak Shariat Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: This study compared the Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) and Transobturator tape (TOT) procedures for surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. Materials and methods: This prospective non randomized clinical trial was conducted in Vali-e-asr hospital from March 2001 to March 2005. A total of 71 patients with clinical and urodynamic diagnosis of Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups and underwent TVT or TOT procedures. Mean operation time, cure rate, post  operative urinary retention, bleeding and infection were compared between two groups. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Chi square and fisher exact test calculated the effects of the nominal variables. Mean difference of quantitative variables were compared by student's T- test. P ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was no significant difference in mean time of operation and peri-operative complications among groups. Urinary retention was 13.8% (n=5) in the TVT group versus 2.8% (n=1) in TOT group (NS). The rates of cure (91.6% vs 91.4%), improvement (5.6% vs 8.6%) and failure (2.8% vs 0) were similar for the TVT and TOT groups. The rate of hemorrhagic complications was 5.5% in TVT and 2.8% in TOT group (NS). Conclusion: TOT appears to be equally efficient to TVT for  surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence after 30 months follow-up. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/13 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/13/13

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 1 2 2007 06 15 96 98 Sedigheh Borna Department of Perinatology, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Safoura Shakoie Nejad Department of Perinatology, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Nooshin Sahabi Department of Perinatology, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Heterotopic pregnancy is a rare event in natural conception cycles. The prevalence of heterotopic pregnancy is known to be increasing in part due to more precise diagnostic techniques and widespread use of of assisted reproductive technology. A case of an incidental heterotopic pregnancy diagnosed at 10 weeks of gestational age is reported here in which laparotomy was scheduled and right salpingectomy was performed immediately after diagnosis. The intra uterine pregnancy proceeded without any problem until term and a healthy male infant weighing 3680 grams was born. As this case demonstrates, early diagnosis is the key of successful treatment. Early detection and appropriate intervention in order to save the intra uterine pregnancy and the prevention of associated maternal morbidity and mortality are emphasized. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/20 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/20/20

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 1 2 2007 06 15 69 73 Ahmad Ali Noorbala Psychiatric and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Medical Sciences / University of Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh Reproductive Health Research Center, Medical Sciences / University of Tehran, Iran Nasrin Abedinia Reproductive Health Research Center, Medical Sciences / University of Tehran, Iran Seyyed Abbas Bagheri Yazdi Psychiatric and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Medical Sciences / University of Tehran, Iran Mina Jafarabadi Reproductive Health Research Center, Medical Sciences / University of Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: This study aimed to determine prevalence and predisposing factors of personality disorders among infertile in comparison to fertile women. Materials and Methods:  By a descriptive- analytic study in Vali-e-asr Reproductive Health Research Center, 300 women entered the research.  Eysenck personality (EPQ) and structured researcher questionnaires were applied for all patients. Demographic characteristics and predisposing personality factors were recorded and personality symptoms were scaled. For data analysis, SPSS-11-5 software system, chi-square and T-test were used.  P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Based on EPQ, personality instability was significantly more frequent in infertile women in comparison to fertile women (P<0.001). Housewives are at higher risk of developing personality instability as compared to working women. This finding was also statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of personality disorders among infertile women, it seems that more serious attention is required from gynecologists, psychiatrists and psychologists for better treatment of these disorders. The use of psychotherapy, especially supportive methods, should be considered as part of the general therapeutic framework of infertility. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/14 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/14/14

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 1 2 2007 06 15 74 78 Maryam Afrakhteh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nahid Khodakarami Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Afshin Moradi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Alavi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farshad Hosseini Shirazi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: This study aimed to review Papanicolaou (Pap) smears in patients of Shohada hospital in Tehran. Materials and methods:  A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out and a database search of all Pap smear reports from 1995 to 2005 at cytopathology department was reviewed. The abnormal Pap smear reports based on the Bethesda System were assessed. Results: A total of 13315 Pap smear reports were reviewed from patients aging 20 to 79 years old. Totally 6065 (45.55%) cases had diagnosis of ‘negative', 293(2.21%) smears were labeled as ‘inadequate', and 6799 (51.06%) reports had ‘Benign cellular changes'. There were 158(1.18%) abnormal Pap smears consisting of 84 (53.18%) SIL with undetermined grade (ASC-US), 28(17.73%) low grade SIL (LSIL), 17(10.75%) high grade SIL (HSIL), 27(17.08%) carcinoma and 2(1.26%) atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS). Overall incidence of the cervical cancer among these samples was 0.2%. Benign cellular changes numbered 6799(51.06%), of which 5365 (78.9%) smears demonstrated infectious processes. Conclusion: The number of abnormal pap smears in this study is less than western countries, but is comparable with Middle East and Islamic regions. More prospective studies are recommended. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/15 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/15/15

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 1 2 2007 06 15 79 84 Masoomeh Alimohammadian Human ecology group, Medical Sciences /University of Tehran, Iran Mamak Shariat NICU ward, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Medical Sciences /University of Tehran, Iran Mahmood Mahmoodi NICU ward, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Medical Sciences /University of Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Ramezanzadeh NICU ward, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Medical Sciences /University of Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: This study assessed the influence of maternal request on elective cesarean rate and related factors in maternity hospitals in Tehran. Materials and Method: This cross sectional descriptive analytic study was performed via a two-step random sampling technique, using data from 824 pregnant women who attended the maternity hospitals in Tehran in 2001. A questionnaire covering past and present obstetrical history and demographic characteristics was completed for each mother. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Descriptive analysis and inference tests, including chi-square and t-tests were used. Logistic regression test was also used to find the correlation between variables. P value less than 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. Results: Totally 66.5% of mothers underwent cesarean and 33.5% had normal vaginal delivery. From cesarean cases 72% were elective and of these 22% were done upon maternal request. It was shown that 71% of mothers who selected cesarean had no scientific reason. Also, 65% of doctors s of Medical Scien Sedigheh Esmaeilian Parastarane-Shahed Hospital, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Scien 2015 10 04 Objective: To compare the efficacy of ceftriaxone plus Ofloxacin or Azithromycin for cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Materials and Methods:  This clinical terial was performed on 180 women with PID from March 2005 to March 2007 in Parastarane-Shahed Hospital. Patients with PID were randomly divided to receive injection of Ceftriaxone 250 mg plus Ofloxacin 200 mg per day or Azithromycin 1 g per week for two weeks (90 cases in each group). The degree of pain was assessed on days 7, 14, 30 and clinical cure was assessed on days 14 and 30. Statistical analysis was done based on Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitny and student t-test. Results: From 180 patients eligible for the study, 138 cases were enrolled for protocol analysis. Significant differences were observed regarding the degree of pain between two groups. Clinical cure was 90% (70 of 78) for Azithromycin and 83.3% (50 of 60) for Ofloxacin. Conclusion: Combination of Ceftriaxone plus weekly Azithromycin for two weeks is not only equivalent to Ceftriaxone plus daily Ofloxacin for two weeks but also seems to be better for the treatment of mild PID. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/37 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/37/37

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 2 2 2008 06 15 95 98 Soosan Alimohammadzadeh Taher Imam Reza (501 Army) Hospital, Army University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Rezasoltani Imam Reza (501 Army) Hospital, Army University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: The study evaluated the efficacy of oral calcium carbonate supplement on leg pain in pregnancy and nursing period. Materials and methods: A total number of 176 women at third trimester of pregnancy or nursing period till to one year after delivery with complaint of leg pain, low back pain (LBP), and posterior pelvic pain (PPP) were evaluated for distinct primary causes and were excluded, then 58 patients randomized into calcium group (n=27) treated with 500 mg calcium carbonate orally per day just for one week, and control group (n=31) received no drug. Incidence of days with leg, low back, and posterior pelvic pain per week were evaluated and compared between the two groups at 3 different weeks before, during, and after discontinuation of drug. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.  Results: Mean number of days with leg pain per week during calcium carbonate intake was significantly different between the study and control groups (P<0.05). Mean number of days with LBP and PPP was not significantly different between two groups. Conclusion: The use of oral calcium supplement was associated with lower episodes of leg pain but failed to reduce the incidence of LBP and PPP in pregnancy and nursery period. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/38 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/38/38

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 2 2 2008 06 15 99 102 Katayon Berjis Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abotaleb Sarem Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mansoureh Moaya Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nahid Mohamad Alaiha Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 04 Objective: This research was designed to compare the effectiveness of intramuscular progesterone and vaginal progesterone to support luteal phase in IVF cycles. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial 182 infertile patients between 20-40 years old were selected for rapid ZIFT cycles. In order to support luteal phase Cyclogest suppository (400 mg BID) was used for 77 cases and the rest used intramuscular progesterone (100 mg daily). Pregnancy and abortion rates were compared between two groups. Results: Chemical pregnancy rate (positive ß-HCG) was %27.3 in Cyclogest group and %30.6 in intramuscular progestrone group (P = 0.7). Clinical pregnancy (gestational sac visible by transvaginal ultrasound) was observed in %22.1 of cases in Cyclogest group and %27.1 of cases in intramuscular progestrone group (P = 0.4). Ongoing pregnancy rate (fetal heart action visible by transvaginal ultrasound) was %15.6 in Cyclogest group and %18.8 in intramuscular progesterone group (P = 0.6). Conclusion: Chemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates were similar in vaginal and intramuscular progestrone groups. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/39 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/39/39

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 2 2