Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 1735-8949 20 1 2026 07 22 1 9 Zakaria Rostamitehrani National Horizons Centre, Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Darlington, DL1 1HG, UK Mina Jafarabadi Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Elahe Rezayof Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2026 02 08 2026 06 09 Objective: Cancer is one of the most complex genomic diseases that can gain abilities to resist different therapies. These capabilities, known as the hallmark of cancer, allow specific and personalised therapies such as immunotherapy. Materials and methods: This review paper discusses how different immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell, and Oncolytic viral therapy, which are currently being used and researched to overcome cancer cell capabilities by using the patient’s immune system. Results: Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is used to block immune inhibitory pathways using anti-PD-1 receptor and anti-CTLA-4 receptor antibodies, which make lymphocytes more responsive towards cancer cells. Then, it is discussed how CAR T-cells are designed to make cancer antigens more easily identified by T-cells for a more specific immune response. Furthermore, it is shown that oncolytic viruses directly destroy cancer cells and, indirectly, make them more vulnerable to the immune system. Conclusion: It is proposed that oncolytic viral therapy is a bridge between Immune checkpoint and CAR T-cell therapies for a more effective and more specific immune response towards cancer. https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/3666 https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/3666/748