<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Articles JournalTitle="Journal of Family and Reproductive Health">
  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>Journal of Family and Reproductive Health</JournalTitle>
      <Issn>1735-8949</Issn>
      <Volume>17</Volume>
      <Issue>2</Issue>
      <PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
        <Year>2023</Year>
        <Month>06</Month>
        <Day>11</Day>
      </PubDate>
    </Journal>
    <title locale="en_US">Raynaud Phenomenon of the Nipple: A Clinical  Case Report</title>
    <FirstPage>113</FirstPage>
    <LastPage>115</LastPage>
    <AuthorList>
      <Author>
        <FirstName>Carolina</FirstName>
        <LastName>Quental</LastName>
        <affiliation locale="en_US">USF Prelada</affiliation>
      </Author>
      <Author>
        <FirstName>Daniel</FirstName>
        <LastName>Brito</LastName>
        <affiliation locale="en_US">Family Health Unit, Espa&#xE7;o Sa&#xFA;de, Porto, Portugal</affiliation>
      </Author>
      <Author>
        <FirstName>Jo&#xE3;o</FirstName>
        <LastName>Sobral</LastName>
        <affiliation locale="en_US">Family Health Unit, Baltar, Paredes, Portugal</affiliation>
      </Author>
      <Author>
        <FirstName>Ana Mafalda</FirstName>
        <LastName>Macedo</LastName>
        <affiliation locale="en_US">Family Health Unit, Prelada, Porto, Portugal</affiliation>
      </Author>
    </AuthorList>
    <History>
      <PubDate PubStatus="received">
        <Year>2023</Year>
        <Month>01</Month>
        <Day>31</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <PubDate PubStatus="accepted">
        <Year>2023</Year>
        <Month>05</Month>
        <Day>28</Day>
      </PubDate>
    </History>
    <abstract locale="en_US">Objective: In Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple there is a change in color, accompanied by pain or discomfort during breastfeeding.
Case report: A 29-years old female patient, breastfeeding, develops a severe bilateral nipple pain during and after breastfeeding and biphasic change in nipple color, with difficulties in the breastfeeding technique. She was medicated with nifedipine and recommended application of warm compresses to the nipples and use of electric breast pump, showing complete resolution after four weeks of treatment.
Conclusion: Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple should be considered in breastfeeding women who report nipple pain or discomfort. In clinical practice, nipple pain is a very frequent complaint, and responsible for many cases of early abandonment of breastfeeding. It is therefore essential to make an early diagnosis and implement a correct and immediate treatment.</abstract>
    <web_url>https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/view/2278</web_url>
    <pdf_url>https://jfrh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jfrh/article/download/2278/645</pdf_url>
  </Article>
</Articles>
